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169 lines
6.1 KiB
Markdown
169 lines
6.1 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: 『数据结构』Fibonacci-heap
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date: 2018-09-06 19:09
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categories: 数据结构与算法
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tags: [数据结构,斐波那契堆]
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keywords: 数据结构,斐波那契堆
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mathjax: true
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description:
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---
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<!-- TOC -->
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- [1. 结构](#1-结构)
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- [2. 势函数](#2-势函数)
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- [3. 最大度数](#3-最大度数)
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- [4. 操作](#4-操作)
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- [4.1. 创建一个斐波那契堆](#41-创建一个斐波那契堆)
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- [4.2. 插入一个结点](#42-插入一个结点)
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- [4.3. 寻找最小结点](#43-寻找最小结点)
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- [4.4. 合并两个斐波那契堆](#44-合并两个斐波那契堆)
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- [4.5. 抽取最小值](#45-抽取最小值)
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- [4.6. 关键字减值](#46-关键字减值)
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- [4.7. 删除结点](#47-删除结点)
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- [5. 最大度数的证明](#5-最大度数的证明)
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<!-- /TOC -->
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![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-22531846a72b0d83.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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<a id="markdown-1-结构" name="1-结构"></a>
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# 1. 结构
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斐波那契堆是一系列具有最小堆序的有根树的集合, 同一代(层)结点由双向循环链表链接, **为了便于删除最小结点, 还需要维持链表为升序, 即nd<=nd.right(nd==nd.right时只有一个结点或为 None)**, 父子之间都有指向对方的指针.
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结点有degree 属性, 记录孩子的个数, mark 属性用来标记(为了满足势函数, 达到摊还需求的)
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还有一个最小值指针 H.min 指向最小根结点
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![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-d4e8a85754fdbc14.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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<a id="markdown-2-势函数" name="2-势函数"></a>
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# 2. 势函数
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下面用势函数来分析摊还代价, 如果你不明白, 可以看[摊还分析](https://www.jianshu.com/p/052fbe9d92a4)
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![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?\Phi(H)&space;=&space;t(H)&space;+&space;2m(h))
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t 是根链表中树的数目,m(H) 表示被标记的结点数
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最初没有结点
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<a id="markdown-3-最大度数" name="3-最大度数"></a>
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# 3. 最大度数
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结点的最大度数(即孩子数)![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?D(n)\leqslant&space;\lfloor&space;lgn&space;\rfloor), 证明放在最后
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<a id="markdown-4-操作" name="4-操作"></a>
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# 4. 操作
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<a id="markdown-41-创建一个斐波那契堆" name="41-创建一个斐波那契堆"></a>
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## 4.1. 创建一个斐波那契堆
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![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?O(1))
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<a id="markdown-42-插入一个结点" name="42-插入一个结点"></a>
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## 4.2. 插入一个结点
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```python
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nd = new node
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nd.prt = nd.chd = None
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if H.min is None:
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creat H with nd
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H.min = nd
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else:
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insert nd into H's root list
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if H.min<nd: H.min = nd
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H.n +=1
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```
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![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?&space;\Delta&space;\Phi&space;=&space;\Delta&space;t(H)&space;+&space;2\Delta&space;m(H)&space;=&space;1+0&space;=&space;1&space;)
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摊还代价为![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?O(1))
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<a id="markdown-43-寻找最小结点" name="43-寻找最小结点"></a>
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## 4.3. 寻找最小结点
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直接用 H.min, ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?O(1))
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<a id="markdown-44-合并两个斐波那契堆" name="44-合并两个斐波那契堆"></a>
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## 4.4. 合并两个斐波那契堆
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```python
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def union(H1,H2):
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if H1.min ==None or (H1.min and H2.min and H1.min>H2.min):
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H1.min = H2.min
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link H2.rootList to H1.rootList
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return H1
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```
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易知 ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?\Delta&space;\Phi&space;=&space;0)
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<a id="markdown-45-抽取最小值" name="45-抽取最小值"></a>
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## 4.5. 抽取最小值
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抽取最小值, 一定是在根结点, 然后将此根结点的所有子树的根放在 根结点双向循环链表中, 之后还要进行**树的合并. 以使每个根结点的度不同,**
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```python
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def extract-min(H):
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z = H.min
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if z!=None:
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for chd of z:
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link chd to H.rootList
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chd.prt = None
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remove z from the rootList of H
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if z==z.right:
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H.min = None
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else:
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H.min = z.right
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consolidate(H)
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H.n -=1
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return z
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```
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consolidate 函数使用一个 辅助数组degree来记录所有根结点(不超过lgn)对应的度数, degree[i] = nd 表示.有且只有一个结点 nd 的度数为 i.
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```python
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def consolidate(H):
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initialize degree with None
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for nd in H.rootList:
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d = nd.degree
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while degree[d] !=None:
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nd2 = degree[d]
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if nd2.degree < nd.degree:
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nd2,nd = nd,nd2
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make nd2 child of nd
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nd.degree = d+1
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nd.mark = False # to balace the potential
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remove nd2 from H.rootList
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degree[d] = None
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d+=1
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else: degree[d] = nd
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for i in degree:
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if i!=None:
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link i to H.rootList
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if H.min ==None: H.min = i
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else if H.min>i: H.min = i
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```
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时间复杂度为![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?O(lgn)) 即数组移动的长度, 而最多有 lgn个元素
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<a id="markdown-46-关键字减值" name="46-关键字减值"></a>
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## 4.6. 关键字减值
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```python
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def decrease-key(H,x,k):
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if k>x.key: error
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x.key = k
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y=x.p
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if y!=None and x.key < y.key:
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cut(H,x,y)
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cascading-cut(H,y)
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if x.key < H.min.key:
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H.min = x
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def cut(H,x,y):
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remove x from the child list of y, decrementing y.degree
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add x to H.rootList
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x.prt = None
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x.mark = False
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def cascading-cut(H,y):
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z- y,prt
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if z !=None:
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if y.mark ==False:y.mark = True
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else:
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cut(H,y,z)
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cascading-cut(H,z)
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```
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![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-0a29221f8a1fbfbb.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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<a id="markdown-47-删除结点" name="47-删除结点"></a>
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## 4.7. 删除结点
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```python
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decrease(H,nd, MIN)
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extract-min(H)
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```
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<a id="markdown-5-最大度数的证明" name="5-最大度数的证明"></a>
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# 5. 最大度数的证明
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这也是`斐波那契`这个名字的由来,
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![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?D(n)\leqslant&space;\lfloor&space;lgn&space;\rfloor)
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![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-c9e0cd3be4e98c4b.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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