2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
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title: 『数据结构』红黑树(red-black tree)
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date: 2018-07-12 19:58
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categories: 数据结构与算法
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tags: [数据结构,红黑树]
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keywords:
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mathjax: true
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description:
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---
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<!-- TOC -->
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- [1. 定义与性质](#1-定义与性质)
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- [1.1. 数据域](#11-数据域)
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- [1.2. 红黑性质](#12-红黑性质)
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- [1.3. 黑高度](#13-黑高度)
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- [2. 旋转](#2-旋转)
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- [3. 插入](#3-插入)
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- [3.1. 二叉查找树的插入](#31-二叉查找树的插入)
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- [3.2. 颜色调整与旋转](#32-颜色调整与旋转)
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- [3.2.1. 问题](#321-问题)
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- [3.2.2. 情况](#322-情况)
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- [3.2.2.1. case1: x 的叔叔是红色的](#3221-case1--x-的叔叔是红色的)
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- [3.2.2.2. case2: x 的叔叔是黑色, x,p(x), p(p(x)),方向为 left-right 或者 right-left](#3222-case2-x-的叔叔是黑色-xpx-ppx方向为-left-right-或者-right-left)
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- [3.2.2.3. case3: x 的叔叔是黑色, x,p(x), p(p(x)),方向为 left-left 或者 right-right](#3223-case3-x-的叔叔是黑色-xpx-ppx方向为-left-left-或者-right-right)
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- [3.2.3. 总体解决方案](#323-总体解决方案)
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- [4. 删除](#4-删除)
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- [4.1. 二叉查找树删除结点](#41-二叉查找树删除结点)
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- [4.2. 调整颜色与旋转](#42-调整颜色与旋转)
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- [5. 数据结构的扩张](#5-数据结构的扩张)
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- [5.1. 平衡树的扩张](#51-平衡树的扩张)
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- [6. python 代码](#6-python-代码)
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- [7. 参考](#7-参考)
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<!-- /TOC -->
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<a id="markdown-1-定义与性质" name="1-定义与性质"></a>
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# 1. 定义与性质
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红黑树是一种平衡的二叉查找树
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<a id="markdown-11-数据域" name="11-数据域"></a>
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## 1.1. 数据域
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每个结点有 5 个数据域
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* color: red or black
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* key: keyword
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* left: pointer to left child
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* right:pointer to right child
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* p: pointer to nil leaf
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<a id="markdown-12-红黑性质" name="12-红黑性质"></a>
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## 1.2. 红黑性质
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满足下面的 `红黑性质` 的二叉查找树就是红黑树:
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* 每个结点或是红色或是黑色
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* 根是黑
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* nil leaf 是 黑
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* 红结点的孩子是黑
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* 从每个结点出发,通过子孙到达叶子结点的各条路径上 黑结点数相等
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如,叶子结点 是 nil, 即不存储任何东西, 为了编程方便,相对的,存有数据的结点称为内结点
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![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-95927d3ca6cc524d.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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为了节省空间, 可以如下实现, 只需要一个 nil 结点
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![nil leaf](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-f8dbd241fbc55ee5.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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<a id="markdown-13-黑高度" name="13-黑高度"></a>
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## 1.3. 黑高度
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2019-03-18 00:46:56 +08:00
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从某个结点 x 到叶结点的黑色结点数,称为此结点的黑高度, 记为 ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?h_b(x))
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2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
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树的黑高度是根的黑高度
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2019-03-18 00:46:56 +08:00
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>1. 以 x 为 根的子树至少包含 ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?2^{h_b(x)}-1)个结点
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>2. 一颗有 n 个内结点的红黑树高度至多为![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?2lg(n+1))
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2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
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可用归纳法证明1
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证明 2:
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设树高 h
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2019-03-18 00:46:56 +08:00
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由红黑性质4, 根结点到叶子路径上的黑结点数至少 ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?\frac{h}{2}),即 ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?h_b(root)\geqslant&space;\frac{h}{2})
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2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
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再由1,
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2019-03-18 00:46:56 +08:00
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![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?n&space;\geqslant&space;2^{h_b(x)}&space;-1&space;\geqslant&space;2^{\frac{h}{2}}&space;-1)
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2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
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2019-03-18 00:46:56 +08:00
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即 ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?h\leqslant&space;2lg(n+1))
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2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
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<a id="markdown-2-旋转" name="2-旋转"></a>
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# 2. 旋转
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2019-03-18 00:46:56 +08:00
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由于上面证明的红黑树高为 ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?O(logn)),红黑树的 insert, delete, search 等操作都是, ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?O(logn)).
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2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
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进行了 insert, delete 后可能破坏红黑性质, 可以通过旋转来保持.
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下面是对结点 x 进行 左旋与右旋.
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注意进行左旋时, 右孩子不是 nil(要用来作为旋转后 x 的双亲), 同理 右旋的结点的左孩子不是nil
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![左旋与右旋](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-d31b65b547ff2e7c.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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总结起来就是: 父亲旋转,顺时针就是右旋,逆时针就是左旋, 旋转的结果是儿子成为原来父亲的新父亲, 即旋转的结点下降一层, 它的一个儿子上升一层.
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<a id="markdown-3-插入" name="3-插入"></a>
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# 3. 插入
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插入的过程:
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* 先同二叉查找树那样插入, 做为叶子(不为空)
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* 然后将新结点的 左右孩子设为 nil , 颜色设为红色
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* 最后再进行颜色调整以及旋转(维持红黑性质)
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这是算法导论[^1]上的算法
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```python
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RB-INSERT(T, z)
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y ← nil[T] // 新建节点“y”,将y设为空节点。
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x ← root[T] // 设“红黑树T”的根节点为“x”
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while x ≠ nil[T] // 找出要插入的节点“z”在二叉树T中的位置“y”
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do y ← x
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if key[z] < key[x]
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then x ← left[x]
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else x ← right[x]
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p[z] ← y // 设置 “z的父亲” 为 “y”
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if y = nil[T]
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then root[T] ← z // 情况1:若y是空节点,则将z设为根
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else if key[z] < key[y]
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then left[y] ← z // 情况2:若“z所包含的值” < “y所包含的值”,则将z设为“y的左孩子”
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else right[y] ← z // 情况3:(“z所包含的值” >= “y所包含的值”)将z设为“y的右孩子”
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left[z] ← nil[T] // z的左孩子设为空
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right[z] ← nil[T] // z的右孩子设为空。至此,已经完成将“节点z插入到二叉树”中了。
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color[z] ← RED // 将z着色为“红色”
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RB-INSERT-FIXUP(T, z) // 通过RB-INSERT-FIXUP对红黑树的节点进行颜色修改以及旋转,让树T仍然是一颗红黑树
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```
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<a id="markdown-31-二叉查找树的插入" name="31-二叉查找树的插入"></a>
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## 3.1. 二叉查找树的插入
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可以用python 实现如下
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```python
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def insert(self,nd):
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if not isinstance(nd,node):
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nd = node(nd)
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elif nd.isBlack: nd.isBlack = False
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if self.root is None:
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self.root = nd
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self.root.isBlack = True
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else:
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parent = self.root
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while parent:
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if parent == nd : return None
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if parent>nd:
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if parent.left :
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parent = parent.left
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else:
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parent.left = nd
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break
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else:
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if parent.right:
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parent = parent.right
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else:
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parent.right = nd
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break
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self.fixUpInsert(parent,nd)
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```
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<a id="markdown-32-颜色调整与旋转" name="32-颜色调整与旋转"></a>
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## 3.2. 颜色调整与旋转
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<a id="markdown-321-问题" name="321-问题"></a>
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### 3.2.1. 问题
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在插入后,可以发现后破坏的红黑性质只有以下两条(且互斥)
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1. root 是红 (这可以直接将root 颜色设为黑调整)
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2. 红结点的孩子是黑
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所以下面介绍如何保持 红结点的孩子是黑 , 即插入结点的双亲结点是红的情况.
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下面记 结点 x 的 双亲为 p(x), 新插入的结点为 x, 记 uncle 结点 为 u(x)
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由于 p(x) 是红色, 而根结点是黑色, 所以 p(x)不是根, p(p(x))存在
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<a id="markdown-322-情况" name="322-情况"></a>
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### 3.2.2. 情况
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有如下三种情况
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![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-04e77807cb660277.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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每种情况的解决方案如下
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<a id="markdown-3221-case1--x-的叔叔是红色的" name="3221-case1--x-的叔叔是红色的"></a>
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#### 3.2.2.1. case1: x 的叔叔是红色的
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这里只需改变颜色, 将 p(x)变为 黑, p(p(x))变为红, u(x) 变为黑色 (x为右孩子同样)
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![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-a884903d8fed7e7b.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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<a id="markdown-3222-case2-x-的叔叔是黑色-xpx-ppx方向为-left-right-或者-right-left" name="3222-case2-x-的叔叔是黑色-xpx-ppx方向为-left-right-或者-right-left"></a>
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#### 3.2.2.2. case2: x 的叔叔是黑色, x,p(x), p(p(x)),方向为 left-right 或者 right-left
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即 x,p(x), p(p(x)) 成折线状
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<a id="markdown-3223-case3-x-的叔叔是黑色-xpx-ppx方向为-left-left-或者-right-right" name="3223-case3-x-的叔叔是黑色-xpx-ppx方向为-left-left-或者-right-right"></a>
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#### 3.2.2.3. case3: x 的叔叔是黑色, x,p(x), p(p(x)),方向为 left-left 或者 right-right
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即 x,p(x), p(p(x)) 成直线状
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![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-4b86ce66ddff0e08.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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当 x 为右孩子时, 通过旋转变成p(x) 的双亲, 然后相当于 新插入 p(x)作为左孩子, 再进行转换.
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即将新结点的双亲向上一层旋转,颜色变为黑色, 而新节点的祖父向下一层, 颜色变为红色
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<a id="markdown-323-总体解决方案" name="323-总体解决方案"></a>
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### 3.2.3. 总体解决方案
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我最开始也没有弄清楚, 有点绕晕的感觉, 后来仔细读了书上伪代码, 然后才发现就是一个状态机, 画出来就一目了然了.
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2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
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![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-53dd71e22a315242.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
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现在算是知其然了, 那么怎样知其所以然呢? 即 为什么要分类这三个 case, 不重不漏了吗?
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其实也简单, 只是太繁琐.
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就是将各种情况枚举出来, 一一分析即可. 我最开始试过, 但是太多,写在代码里很容易写着写着就混了.
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而算法导论上分成这三个case , 很简洁, 只是归纳了一下而已. 如果想看看枚举情况的图与说明,可以参考[^2] .
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算法导论上的伪代码
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```python
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RB-INSERT-FIXUP(T, z)
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while color[p[z]] = RED // 若“当前节点(z)的父节点是红色”,则进行以下处理。
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do if p[z] = left[p[p[z]]] // 若“z的父节点”是“z的祖父节点的左孩子”,则进行以下处理。
|
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|
then y ← right[p[p[z]]] // 将y设置为“z的叔叔节点(z的祖父节点的右孩子)”
|
|
|
|
|
if color[y] = RED // Case 1条件:叔叔是红色
|
|
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|
|
then color[p[z]] ← BLACK ▹ Case 1 // (01) 将“父节点”设为黑色。
|
|
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|
color[y] ← BLACK ▹ Case 1 // (02) 将“叔叔节点”设为黑色。
|
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|
color[p[p[z]]] ← RED ▹ Case 1 // (03) 将“祖父节点”设为“红色”。
|
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|
z ← p[p[z]] ▹ Case 1 // (04) 将“祖父节点”设为“当前节点”(红色节点)
|
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|
else if z = right[p[z]] // Case 2条件:叔叔是黑色,且当前节点是右孩子
|
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|
then z ← p[z] ▹ Case 2 // (01) 将“父节点”作为“新的当前节点”。
|
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LEFT-ROTATE(T, z) ▹ Case 2 // (02) 以“新的当前节点”为支点进行左旋。
|
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color[p[z]] ← BLACK ▹ Case 3 // Case 3条件:叔叔是黑色,且当前节点是左孩子。(01) 将“父节点”设为“黑色”。
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color[p[p[z]]] ← RED ▹ Case 3 // (02) 将“祖父节点”设为“红色”。
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RIGHT-ROTATE(T, p[p[z]]) ▹ Case 3 // (03) 以“祖父节点”为支点进行右旋。
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else (same as then clause with "right" and "left" exchanged) // 若“z的父节点”是“z的祖父节点的右孩子”,将上面的操作中“right”和“left”交换位置,然后依次执行。
|
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|
color[root[T]] ← BLACK
|
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|
```
|
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|
我用python 实现如下. 由于左右方向不同, 如果向上面伪代码那样实现, fixup 代码就会有两份类似的(即 right left 互换), 为了减少代码冗余, 我就定义了 `setChild`, `getChild` 函数, 传递左或是右孩子这个方向的数据(代码中是isLeft), 所以下面的就是完整功能的 fixup, 可以减少一般的代码量, haha😄,
|
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(下文 删除结点同理)
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其实阅读代码也简单, 可以直接当成 isLeft 取真值.
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|
```python
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def fixUpInsert(self,parent,nd):
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''' adjust color and level, there are two red nodes: the new one and its parent'''
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while not self.checkBlack(parent):
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grand = self.getParent(parent)
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isLeftPrt = grand.left is parent
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uncle = grand.getChild(not isLeftPrt)
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if not self.checkBlack(uncle):
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# case 1: new node's uncle is red
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self.setBlack(grand, False)
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self.setBlack(grand.left, True)
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self.setBlack(grand.right, True)
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nd = grand
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parent = self.getParent(nd)
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else:
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# case 2: new node's uncle is black(including nil leaf)
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isLeftNode = parent.left is nd
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if isLeftNode ^ isLeftPrt:
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# case 2.1 the new node is inserted in left-right or right-left form
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# grand grand
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# parent or parent
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# nd nd
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parent.setChild(nd.getChild(isLeftPrt),not isLeftPrt)
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nd.setChild(parent,isLeftPrt)
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grand.setChild(nd,isLeftPrt)
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nd,parent = parent,nd
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# case 2.2 the new node is inserted in left-left or right-right form
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# grand grand
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# parent or parent
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# nd nd
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grand.setChild(parent.getChild(not isLeftPrt),isLeftPrt)
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parent.setChild(grand,not isLeftPrt)
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self.setBlack(grand, False)
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self.setBlack(parent, True)
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|
self.transferParent(grand,parent)
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self.setBlack(self.root,True)
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|
```
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|
<a id="markdown-4-删除" name="4-删除"></a>
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|
|
|
|
# 4. 删除
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算法导论上的算法
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写的很简练👍
|
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|
![rb-delete](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-688842ec88c4a598.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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|
<a id="markdown-41-二叉查找树删除结点" name="41-二叉查找树删除结点"></a>
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|
|
## 4.1. 二叉查找树删除结点
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下面 z 是要删除的结点, y 是 其后继或者是它自己, x 是 y 的一个孩子(如果 y 的孩子为 nil,则为 nli, 否则 y 只有一个非 nil 孩子, 为 x)
|
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* 当 z 孩子全是 nil (y==z): 直接让其双亲对应的孩子为 nil
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|
* 当 z 只有一个非 nil 孩子 x (y==z):
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|
1. 如果 z 为根, 则让 x 为根.
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2. 让 y 的双亲连接到 x
|
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|
* 当 z 有两个非nil孩子(y!=z): 复制其后继 y 的内容到 z (除了指针,颜色) , 将其后继 y 的孩子(最多只有一个 非 nil ,不然就不是后继了)连接到其后继的双亲, 删除 其后继y,
|
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|
即[^3] 如果要删除有两个孩子的结点 z , 则找到它的后继y(前趋同理), 可以推断 y 一定没有左孩子, 右孩子可能有,可能没有. 也就是最多一个孩子.
|
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|
所以将 y 的值复制到 x 位置, 现在相当于删除 y 处的结点.
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|
这样就化为 删除的结点最多一个孩子的情况.
|
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|
![](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-87ab28beaec30567?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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|
|
<a id="markdown-42-调整颜色与旋转" name="42-调整颜色与旋转"></a>
|
|
|
|
|
## 4.2. 调整颜色与旋转
|
|
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|
|
可以发现只有当 y 是黑色,才进行颜色调整以及旋转(维持红黑性质), 因为如果删除的是红色, 不会影响黑高度, 所有红黑性质都不会破坏
|
|
|
|
|
伪代码如下, (我的python代码见文末)
|
|
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|
|
![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-ed40ae4776709377.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
|
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|
|
如果被删除的结点 y 是黑色的, 有三种破坏红黑性质的情况
|
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|
|
1. y是根, 则 y 的一个红色孩子成为新根
|
|
|
|
|
2. 进行删除结点过程中, p(y) 的孩子有 x, 两者都是红色
|
|
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|
|
3. 删除 y 导致包含y 的路径上的黑结点 少 1个
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
修复3的思路:
|
|
|
|
|
如果可能,在兄弟一支,通过旋转,改变颜色修复
|
|
|
|
|
否则, 将红结点一直向上推(因为当前路径上少了一个黑结点,向上推的过程中使红结点所在的子树都少一个黑结点), 直到到达树根, 那么全部路径都少一个黑结点, 3就修复了, 这时只需将根设为黑就修复了 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码中的 while 循环的目的是将额外的黑色沿树上移,直到
|
|
|
|
|
* x 指向一个红黑结点
|
|
|
|
|
* x 指向根,这时可以简单地消除额外的黑色
|
|
|
|
|
* 颜色修改与旋转
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在 while 中, x 总是指向具有双重黑色的那个非根结点, 在第 2 行中要判断 x 是其双亲的左右孩子
|
|
|
|
|
w 表示 x 的相抵. w 不能为 nil(因为 x 是双重黑色)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
算法中的四种情况如图所示
|
|
|
|
|
![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-f367bcb131c9719b.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
即
|
|
|
|
|
* x 的兄弟 w 是红色的
|
|
|
|
|
![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-cd139202bdc5406f.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
|
|
|
|
|
* x 的兄弟 w 是黑色的, w的两个孩子都是黑色的
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* x 的兄弟 w 是黑色的, w 的左孩子是红,右孩子是黑
|
|
|
|
|
* x 的兄弟 w 是黑色的, w 的孩子是红色的
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>注意上面都是先考虑的左边, 右边可以对称地处理.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
同插入一样, 为了便于理解, 可以作出状态机.
|
|
|
|
|
而且这些情形都是归纳化简了的, 你也可以枚举列出基本的全部情形.
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-005e2a7d55860559.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a id="markdown-5-数据结构的扩张" name="5-数据结构的扩张"></a>
|
|
|
|
|
# 5. 数据结构的扩张
|
|
|
|
|
<a id="markdown-51-平衡树的扩张" name="51-平衡树的扩张"></a>
|
|
|
|
|
## 5.1. 平衡树的扩张
|
2019-03-18 00:46:56 +08:00
|
|
|
|
通过在平衡树(如红黑树上的每个结点 加上 一个数据域 size (表示以此结点为根的子树的结点数.) 可以使`获得第 i 大的数` 的时间复杂度为 ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?O(logn))
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-03-18 00:46:56 +08:00
|
|
|
|
在 ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?O(n)) 时间内建立, python代码如下
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```python
|
|
|
|
|
def setSize(root):
|
|
|
|
|
if root is None:return 0
|
|
|
|
|
root.size = setSize(root.left) + setSize(root.right)+1
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2019-03-18 00:46:56 +08:00
|
|
|
|
在![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?O(logn))时间查找,
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```python
|
|
|
|
|
def find(root,i):
|
|
|
|
|
r = root.left.size +1
|
|
|
|
|
if r==i:
|
|
|
|
|
return root
|
|
|
|
|
if r > i:
|
|
|
|
|
return find(root.left,i)
|
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
|
return find(root.right,i-r)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a id="markdown-6-python-代码" name="6-python-代码"></a>
|
|
|
|
|
# 6. python 代码
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-03-18 00:54:04 +08:00
|
|
|
|
**[github地址](https://github.com/mbinary/algorithm.git)**
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
我用了 setChild, getChild 来简化代码量, 其他的基本上是按照算法导论上的伪代码提到的case 来实现的. 然后display 只是测试的时候,为了方便调试而层序遍历打印出来
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
效果如下
|
|
|
|
|
![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7130568-721e18cc44dec604.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
''' mbinary
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
#########################################################################
|
|
|
|
|
# File : redBlackTree.py
|
|
|
|
|
# Author: mbinary
|
|
|
|
|
# Mail: zhuheqin1@gmail.com
|
2019-01-31 12:09:46 +08:00
|
|
|
|
# Blog: https://mbinary.xyz
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
# Github: https://github.com/mbinary
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
# Created Time: 2018-07-14 16:15
|
|
|
|
|
# Description:
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
#########################################################################
|
|
|
|
|
'''
|
|
|
|
|
from functools import total_ordering
|
|
|
|
|
from random import randint, shuffle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@total_ordering
|
|
|
|
|
class node:
|
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self,val,left=None,right=None,isBlack=False):
|
|
|
|
|
self.val =val
|
|
|
|
|
self.left = left
|
|
|
|
|
self.right = right
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self.parent= None
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self.isBlack = isBlack
|
|
|
|
|
def __lt__(self,nd):
|
|
|
|
|
return self.val < nd.val
|
|
|
|
|
def __eq__(self,nd):
|
|
|
|
|
return nd is not None and self.val == nd.val
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def setChild(self,nd,isLeft):
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if isLeft: self.left = nd
|
|
|
|
|
else: self.right = nd
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if nd is not None: nd.parent = self
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def getChild(self,isLeft):
|
|
|
|
|
if isLeft: return self.left
|
|
|
|
|
else: return self.right
|
|
|
|
|
def __bool__(self):
|
|
|
|
|
return self.val is not None
|
|
|
|
|
def __str__(self):
|
|
|
|
|
color = 'B' if self.isBlack else 'R'
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
val = '-' if self.parent==None else self.parent.val
|
|
|
|
|
return f'{color}-{self.val}'
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def __repr__(self):
|
|
|
|
|
return f'node({self.val},isBlack={self.isBlack})'
|
|
|
|
|
class redBlackTree:
|
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self,unique=False):
|
|
|
|
|
'''if unique is True, all node'vals are unique, else there may be equal vals'''
|
|
|
|
|
self.root = None
|
|
|
|
|
self.unique = unique
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@staticmethod
|
|
|
|
|
def checkBlack(nd):
|
|
|
|
|
return nd is None or nd.isBlack
|
|
|
|
|
@staticmethod
|
|
|
|
|
def setBlack(nd,isBlack):
|
|
|
|
|
if nd is not None:
|
|
|
|
|
if isBlack is None or isBlack:
|
|
|
|
|
nd.isBlack = True
|
|
|
|
|
else:nd.isBlack = False
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def setRoot(self,nd):
|
|
|
|
|
if nd is not None: nd.parent=None
|
|
|
|
|
self.root= nd
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def find(self,val):
|
|
|
|
|
nd = self.root
|
|
|
|
|
while nd:
|
|
|
|
|
if nd.val ==val:
|
|
|
|
|
return nd
|
|
|
|
|
else:
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
nd = nd.getChild(nd.val>val)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def getSuccessor(self,nd):
|
|
|
|
|
if nd:
|
|
|
|
|
if nd.right:
|
|
|
|
|
nd = nd.right
|
|
|
|
|
while nd.left:
|
|
|
|
|
nd = nd.left
|
|
|
|
|
return nd
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
|
while nd.parent is not None and nd.parent.right is nd:
|
|
|
|
|
nd = nd.parent
|
|
|
|
|
return None if nd is self.root else nd.parent
|
|
|
|
|
def rotate(self,prt,chd):
|
|
|
|
|
'''rotate prt with the center of chd'''
|
|
|
|
|
if self.root is prt:
|
|
|
|
|
self.setRoot(chd)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
else:
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
prt.parent.setChild(chd, prt.parent.left is prt)
|
|
|
|
|
isLeftChd = prt.left is chd
|
|
|
|
|
prt.setChild(chd.getChild(not isLeftChd), isLeftChd)
|
|
|
|
|
chd.setChild(prt,not isLeftChd)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def insert(self,nd):
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if nd.isBlack: nd.isBlack = False
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if self.root is None:
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self.setRoot(nd)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self.root.isBlack = True
|
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
|
parent = self.root
|
|
|
|
|
while parent:
|
|
|
|
|
if parent == nd : return None
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
isLeft = parent > nd
|
|
|
|
|
chd = parent.getChild(isLeft)
|
|
|
|
|
if chd is None:
|
|
|
|
|
parent.setChild(nd,isLeft)
|
|
|
|
|
break
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
else:
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
parent = chd
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self.fixUpInsert(parent,nd)
|
|
|
|
|
def fixUpInsert(self,parent,nd):
|
|
|
|
|
''' adjust color and level, there are two red nodes: the new one and its parent'''
|
|
|
|
|
while not self.checkBlack(parent):
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
grand = parent.parent
|
|
|
|
|
isLeftPrt = grand.left is parent
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
uncle = grand.getChild(not isLeftPrt)
|
|
|
|
|
if not self.checkBlack(uncle):
|
|
|
|
|
# case 1: new node's uncle is red
|
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(grand, False)
|
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(grand.left, True)
|
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(grand.right, True)
|
|
|
|
|
nd = grand
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
parent = nd.parent
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
|
# case 2: new node's uncle is black(including nil leaf)
|
|
|
|
|
isLeftNode = parent.left is nd
|
|
|
|
|
if isLeftNode ^ isLeftPrt:
|
|
|
|
|
# case 2.1 the new node is inserted in left-right or right-left form
|
|
|
|
|
# grand grand
|
|
|
|
|
# parent or parent
|
|
|
|
|
# nd nd
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self.rotate(parent,nd) #parent rotate
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
nd,parent = parent,nd
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
# case 3 (case 2.2) the new node is inserted in left-left or right-right form
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
# grand grand
|
|
|
|
|
# parent or parent
|
|
|
|
|
# nd nd
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(grand, False)
|
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(parent, True)
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self.rotate(grand,parent)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(self.root,True)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def copyNode(self,src,des):
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
'''when deleting a node which has two kids,
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
copy its succesor's data to his position
|
|
|
|
|
data exclude left, right , isBlack
|
|
|
|
|
'''
|
|
|
|
|
des.val = src.val
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def delete(self,val):
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
'''delete node in a binary search tree'''
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(val,node): val = val.val
|
|
|
|
|
nd = self.find(val)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if nd is None: return
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self._delete(nd)
|
|
|
|
|
def _delete(self,nd):
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
y = None
|
|
|
|
|
if nd.left and nd.right:
|
|
|
|
|
y= self.getSuccessor(nd)
|
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
|
y = nd
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
py = y.parent
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
x = y.left if y.left else y.right
|
|
|
|
|
if py is None:
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self.setRoot(x)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
else:
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
py.setChild(x,py.left is y)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if y != nd:
|
|
|
|
|
self.copyNode(y,nd)
|
|
|
|
|
if self.checkBlack(y): self.fixUpDel(py,x)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def fixUpDel(self,prt,chd):
|
|
|
|
|
''' adjust colors and rotate '''
|
|
|
|
|
while self.root != chd and self.checkBlack(chd):
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
isLeft =prt.left is chd
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
brother = prt.getChild(not isLeft)
|
|
|
|
|
# brother is black
|
|
|
|
|
lb = self.checkBlack(brother.getChild(isLeft))
|
|
|
|
|
rb = self.checkBlack(brother.getChild(not isLeft))
|
|
|
|
|
if not self.checkBlack(brother):
|
|
|
|
|
# case 1: brother is red. converted to case 2,3,4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(prt,False)
|
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(brother,True)
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self.rotate(prt,brother)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
elif lb and rb:
|
|
|
|
|
# case 2: brother is black and two kids are black.
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
# conveted to the begin case
|
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(brother,False)
|
|
|
|
|
chd = prt
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
prt= chd.parent
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
|
if rb:
|
|
|
|
|
# case 3: brother is black and left kid is red and right child is black
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
# rotate bro to make g w wl wr in one line
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
# uncle's son is nephew, and niece for uncle's daughter
|
|
|
|
|
nephew = brother.getChild(isLeft)
|
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(nephew,True)
|
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(brother,False)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# brother (not isLeft) rotate
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self.rotate(brother,nephew)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
brother = nephew
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# case 4: brother is black and right child is red
|
|
|
|
|
brother.isBlack = prt.isBlack
|
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(prt,True)
|
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(brother.getChild(not isLeft),True)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
self.rotate(prt,brother)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
chd = self.root
|
|
|
|
|
self.setBlack(chd,True)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def sort(self,reverse = False):
|
|
|
|
|
''' return a generator of sorted data'''
|
|
|
|
|
def inOrder(root):
|
|
|
|
|
if root is None:return
|
|
|
|
|
if reverse:
|
|
|
|
|
yield from inOrder(root.right)
|
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
|
yield from inOrder(root.left)
|
|
|
|
|
yield root
|
|
|
|
|
if reverse:
|
|
|
|
|
yield from inOrder(root.left)
|
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
|
yield from inOrder(root.right)
|
|
|
|
|
yield from inOrder(self.root)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def display(self):
|
|
|
|
|
def getHeight(nd):
|
|
|
|
|
if nd is None:return 0
|
|
|
|
|
return max(getHeight(nd.left),getHeight(nd.right)) +1
|
|
|
|
|
def levelVisit(root):
|
|
|
|
|
from collections import deque
|
|
|
|
|
lst = deque([root])
|
|
|
|
|
level = []
|
|
|
|
|
h = getHeight(root)
|
|
|
|
|
ct = lv = 0
|
|
|
|
|
while 1:
|
|
|
|
|
ct+=1
|
|
|
|
|
nd = lst.popleft()
|
|
|
|
|
if ct >= 2**lv:
|
|
|
|
|
lv+=1
|
|
|
|
|
if lv>h:break
|
|
|
|
|
level.append([])
|
|
|
|
|
level[-1].append(str(nd))
|
|
|
|
|
if nd is not None:
|
|
|
|
|
lst += [nd.left,nd.right]
|
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
|
lst +=[None,None]
|
|
|
|
|
return level
|
|
|
|
|
def addBlank(lines):
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
width = 1+len(str(self.root))
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
sep = ' '*width
|
|
|
|
|
n = len(lines)
|
|
|
|
|
for i,oneline in enumerate(lines):
|
|
|
|
|
k = 2**(n-i) -1
|
|
|
|
|
new = [sep*((k-1)//2)]
|
|
|
|
|
for s in oneline:
|
|
|
|
|
new.append(s.ljust(width))
|
|
|
|
|
new.append(sep*k)
|
|
|
|
|
lines[i] = new
|
|
|
|
|
return lines
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
lines = levelVisit(self.root)
|
|
|
|
|
lines = addBlank(lines)
|
|
|
|
|
li = [''.join(line) for line in lines]
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
length = 10 if li==[] else max(len(i) for i in li)//2
|
|
|
|
|
begin ='\n'+ 'red-black-tree'.rjust(length+14,'-') + '-'*(length)
|
|
|
|
|
end = '-'*(length*2+14)+'\n'
|
|
|
|
|
return '\n'.join([begin,*li,end])
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def __str__(self):
|
|
|
|
|
return self.display()
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
测试代码
|
|
|
|
|
```python
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def genNum(n =10):
|
|
|
|
|
nums =[]
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(n):
|
|
|
|
|
while 1:
|
|
|
|
|
d = randint(0,100)
|
|
|
|
|
if d not in nums:
|
|
|
|
|
nums.append(d)
|
|
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
|
|
return nums
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def buildTree(n=10,nums=None,visitor=None):
|
|
|
|
|
if nums is None or nums ==[]: nums = genNum(n)
|
|
|
|
|
rbtree = redBlackTree()
|
|
|
|
|
print(f'build a red-black tree using {nums}')
|
|
|
|
|
for i in nums:
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
rbtree.insert(node(i))
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if visitor:
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
visitor(rbtree,i)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
return rbtree,nums
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def testInsert(nums=None):
|
|
|
|
|
def visitor(t,val):
|
|
|
|
|
print('inserting', val)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
print(t)
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
rbtree,nums = buildTree(visitor = visitor,nums=nums)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
print('-'*5+ 'in-order visit' + '-'*5)
|
|
|
|
|
for i,j in enumerate(rbtree.sort()):
|
|
|
|
|
print(f'{i+1}: {j}')
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def testSuc(nums=None):
|
|
|
|
|
rbtree,nums = buildTree(nums=nums)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for i in rbtree.sort():
|
|
|
|
|
print(f'{i}\'s suc is {rbtree.getSuccessor(i)}')
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def testDelete(nums=None):
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
rbtree,nums = buildTree(nums = nums)
|
|
|
|
|
print(rbtree)
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for i in sorted(nums):
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
print(f'deleting {i}')
|
|
|
|
|
rbtree.delete(i)
|
|
|
|
|
print(rbtree)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if __name__=='__main__':
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
lst =[45, 30, 64, 36, 95, 38, 76, 34, 50, 1]
|
|
|
|
|
lst = [0,3,5,6,26,25,8,19,15,16,17]
|
|
|
|
|
#testSuc(lst)
|
|
|
|
|
#testInsert(lst)
|
2018-08-29 15:52:02 +08:00
|
|
|
|
testDelete()
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a id="markdown-7-参考" name="7-参考"></a>
|
|
|
|
|
# 7. 参考
|
|
|
|
|
[^1]: 算法导论
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[^2]: https://www.jianshu.com/p/a5514510f5b9?utm_campaign=maleskine&utm_content=note&utm_medium=seo_notes&utm_source=recommendation
|
|
|
|
|
[^3]: https://www.jianshu.com/p/0b68b992f688?utm_campaign=maleskine&utm_content=note&utm_medium=seo_notes&utm_source=recommendation
|
2018-11-07 16:52:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|