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@ -66,19 +66,21 @@
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互联网服务提供商 ISP 可以从互联网管理机构获得许多 IP 地址,同时拥有通信线路以及路由器等联网设备,个人或机构向 ISP 缴纳一定的费用就可以接入互联网。
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/46cec213-3048-4a80-aded-fdd577542801.jpg" width="500"/> </div><br>
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/7_2001550811502556.png" width="500"/> </div><br>
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目前的互联网是一种多层次 ISP 结构,ISP 根据覆盖面积的大小分为第一层 ISP、区域 ISP 和接入 ISP。互联网交换点 IXP 允许两个 ISP 直接相连而不用经过第三个 ISP。
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/168e893c-e4a0-4ba4-b81f-9d993483abd0.jpg" width="500"/> </div><br>
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/8_2001550812038190.png" width="500"/> </div><br>
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## 主机之间的通信方式
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- 客户-服务器(C/S):客户是服务的请求方,服务器是服务的提供方。
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/2_2001550810366269.png"/> </div><br>
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- 对等(P2P):不区分客户和服务器。
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/2ad244f5-939c-49fa-9385-69bc688677ab.jpg" width=""/> </div><br>
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/3_2001550810442775.png"/> </div><br>
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## 电路交换与分组交换
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@ -96,7 +98,7 @@
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总时延 = 排队时延 + 处理时延 + 传输时延 + 传播时延
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/f71125b7-f7cb-4a96-9bf0-902bce9487f0.jpg" width="600"/> </div><br>
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/4_2001550810732828.png" width="600"/> </div><br>
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### 1. 排队时延
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@ -124,11 +126,11 @@
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## 计算机网络体系结构
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/7fa66f48-bc42-4b98-93c2-56b20feaa990.png" width="500"/> </div><br>
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/5_2001550810982206.png" width="500"/> </div><br>
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### 1. 五层协议
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- **应用层** :为特定应用程序提供数据传输服务,例如 HTTP、DNS 等。数据单位为报文。
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- **应用层** :为特定应用程序提供数据传输服务,例如 HTTP、DNS 等协议。数据单位为报文。
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- **传输层** :为进程提供通用数据传输服务。由于应用层协议很多,定义通用的传输层协议就可以支持不断增多的应用层协议。运输层包括两种协议:传输控制协议 TCP,提供面向连接、可靠的数据传输服务,数据单位为报文段;用户数据报协议 UDP,提供无连接、尽最大努力的数据传输服务,数据单位为用户数据报。TCP 主要提供完整性服务,UDP 主要提供及时性服务。
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@ -154,7 +156,7 @@
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TCP/IP 体系结构不严格遵循 OSI 分层概念,应用层可能会直接使用 IP 层或者网络接口层。
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/7048a730-a2d0-43d1-99ce-f774e4ef1b27.png" width="250"/> </div><br>
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/6_2001550811175246.png" width="250"/> </div><br>
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### 4. 数据在各层之间的传递过程
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