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<h1>Python Enhancement Proposals</h1>
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<h1 class="page-title">PEP 3117 – Postfix type declarations</h1>
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<dl class="rfc2822 field-list simple">
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<dt class="field-odd">Author<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd">Georg Brandl <georg at python.org></dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Status<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even"><abbr title="Formally declined and will not be accepted">Rejected</abbr></dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd"><abbr title="Normative PEP with a new feature for Python, implementation change for CPython or interoperability standard for the ecosystem">Standards Track</abbr></dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Created<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even">01-Apr-2007</dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Python-Version<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd">3.0</dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Post-History<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even"><p></p></dd>
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</dl>
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<section id="contents">
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<details><summary>Table of Contents</summary><ul class="simple">
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rationale">Rationale</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#specification">Specification</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#unicode-replacement-units">Unicode replacement units</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-typedef-statement">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typedef</span></code> statement</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example">Example</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compatibility-issues">Compatibility issues</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rejection">Rejection</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">References</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
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</ul>
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</details></section>
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<section id="abstract">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#abstract" role="doc-backlink">Abstract</a></h2>
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<p>This PEP proposes the addition of a postfix type declaration syntax to
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Python. It also specifies a new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typedef</span></code> statement which is used to create
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new mappings between types and declarators.</p>
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<p>Its acceptance will greatly enhance the Python user experience as well as
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eliminate one of the warts that deter users of other programming languages from
|
||
switching to Python.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="rationale">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#rationale" role="doc-backlink">Rationale</a></h2>
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<p>Python has long suffered from the lack of explicit type declarations. Being one
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of the few aspects in which the language deviates from its Zen, this wart has
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sparked many a discussion between Python heretics and members of the PSU (for
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a few examples, see <a class="reference internal" href="#ex1" id="id1"><span>[EX1]</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#ex2" id="id2"><span>[EX2]</span></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#ex3" id="id3"><span>[EX3]</span></a>), and it also made it a large-scale
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enterprise success unlikely.</p>
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<p>However, if one wants to put an end to this misery, a decent Pythonic syntax
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must be found. In almost all languages that have them, type declarations lack
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this quality: they are verbose, often needing <em>multiple words</em> for a single
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type, or they are hard to comprehend (e.g., a certain language uses completely
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unrelated <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id8" id="id4">[1]</a> adjectives like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dim</span></code> for type declaration).</p>
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<p>Therefore, this PEP combines the move to type declarations with another bold
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move that will once again prove that Python is not only future-proof but
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future-embracing: the introduction of Unicode characters as an integral
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constituent of source code.</p>
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<p>Unicode makes it possible to express much more with much less characters, which
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is in accordance with the <a class="pep reference internal" href="../pep-0020/" title="PEP 20 – The Zen of Python">Zen</a> (“Readability counts.”). Additionally, it
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eliminates the need for a separate type declaration statement, and last but not
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least, it makes Python measure up to Perl 6, which already uses Unicode for its
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operators. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id9" id="id5">[2]</a></p>
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</section>
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<section id="specification">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#specification" role="doc-backlink">Specification</a></h2>
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<p>When the type declaration mode is in operation, the grammar is changed so that
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each <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NAME</span></code> must consist of two parts: a name and a type declarator, which is
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exactly one Unicode character.</p>
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<p>The declarator uniquely specifies the type of the name, and if it occurs on the
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left hand side of an expression, this type is enforced: an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InquisitionError</span></code>
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exception is raised if the returned type doesn’t match the declared type. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id10" id="id6">[3]</a></p>
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<p>Also, function call result types have to be specified. If the result of the call
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does not have the declared type, an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InquisitionError</span></code> is raised. Caution: the
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declarator for the result should not be confused with the declarator for the
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function object (see the example below).</p>
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<p>Type declarators after names that are only read, not assigned to, are not strictly
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necessary but enforced anyway (see the Python Zen: “Explicit is better than
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implicit.”).</p>
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<p>The mapping between types and declarators is not static. It can be completely
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customized by the programmer, but for convenience there are some predefined
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mappings for some built-in types:</p>
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<table class="docutils align-default">
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<thead>
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<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Type</th>
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<th class="head">Declarator</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></td>
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<td><EFBFBD> (REPLACEMENT CHARACTER)</td>
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||
</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></td>
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<td>ℕ (DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></td>
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<td>℮ (ESTIMATED SYMBOL)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bool</span></code></td>
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<td>✓ (CHECK MARK)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">complex</span></code></td>
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<td>ℂ (DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL C)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></td>
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<td>✎ (LOWER RIGHT PENCIL)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicode</span></code></td>
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<td>✒ (BLACK NIB)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tuple</span></code></td>
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<td>⒯ (PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER T)</td>
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</tr>
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||
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></td>
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<td>♨ (HOT SPRINGS)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></td>
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<td>⧟ (DOUBLE-ENDED MULTIMAP)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></td>
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<td>∅ (EMPTY SET) (<em>Note:</em> this is also for full sets)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></td>
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<td>☃ (SNOWMAN)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code></td>
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<td>⌚ (WATCH)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function</span></code></td>
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<td>ƛ (LATIN SMALL LETTER LAMBDA WITH STROKE)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></td>
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<td>⚛ (ATOM SYMBOL)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Exception</span></code></td>
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<td>⌁ (ELECTRIC ARROW)</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p>The declarator for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> type is a zero-width space.</p>
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<p>These characters should be obvious and easy to remember and type for every
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programmer.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="unicode-replacement-units">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#unicode-replacement-units" role="doc-backlink">Unicode replacement units</a></h2>
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<p>Since even in our modern, globalized world there are still some old-fashioned
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rebels who can’t or don’t want to use Unicode in their source code, and since
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Python is a forgiving language, a fallback is provided for those:</p>
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<p>Instead of the single Unicode character, they can type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name${UNICODE</span> <span class="pre">NAME</span> <span class="pre">OF</span>
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<span class="pre">THE</span> <span class="pre">DECLARATOR}$</span></code>. For example, these two function definitions are equivalent:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fooƛ</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xℂ</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>and</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>def foo${LATIN SMALL LETTER LAMBDA WITH STROKE}$(x${DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL C}$):
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return None${ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE}$
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>This is still easy to read and makes the full power of type-annotated Python
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available to ASCII believers.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="the-typedef-statement">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#the-typedef-statement" role="doc-backlink">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typedef</span></code> statement</a></h2>
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<p>The mapping between types and declarators can be extended with this new statement.</p>
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<p>The syntax is as follows:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">typedef_stmt</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="o">:=</span> <span class="s2">"typedef"</span> <span class="n">expr</span> <span class="n">DECLARATOR</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expr</span></code> resolves to a type object. For convenience, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typedef</span></code> statement
|
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can also be mixed with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">class</span></code> statement for new classes, like so:</p>
|
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>typedef class Foo☺(object<63>):
|
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pass
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="example">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#example" role="doc-backlink">Example</a></h2>
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<p>This is the standard <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.normpath</span></code> function, converted to type declaration
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syntax:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>def normpathƛ(path✎)✎:
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"""Normalize path, eliminating double slashes, etc."""
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if path✎ == '':
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return '.'
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initial_slashes✓ = path✎.startswithƛ('/')✓
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# POSIX allows one or two initial slashes, but treats three or more
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# as single slash.
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if (initial_slashes✓ and
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path✎.startswithƛ('//')✓ and not path✎.startswithƛ('///')✓)✓:
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initial_slashesℕ = 2
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comps♨ = path✎.splitƛ('/')♨
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new_comps♨ = []♨
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for comp✎ in comps♨:
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if comp✎ in ('', '.')⒯:
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continue
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if (comp✎ != '..' or (not initial_slashesℕ and not new_comps♨)✓ or
|
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(new_comps♨ and new_comps♨[-1]✎ == '..')✓)✓:
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new_comps♨.appendƛ(comp✎)
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elif new_comps♨:
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new_comps♨.popƛ()✎
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comps♨ = new_comps♨
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path✎ = '/'.join(comps♨)✎
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if initial_slashesℕ:
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path✎ = '/'*initial_slashesℕ + path✎
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return path✎ or '.'
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>As you can clearly see, the type declarations add expressiveness, while at the
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same time they make the code look much more professional.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="compatibility-issues">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#compatibility-issues" role="doc-backlink">Compatibility issues</a></h2>
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<p>To enable type declaration mode, one has to write:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">__future__</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">type_declarations</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>which enables Unicode parsing of the source <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id11" id="id7">[4]</a>, makes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typedef</span></code> a keyword
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and enforces correct types for all assignments and function calls.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="rejection">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#rejection" role="doc-backlink">Rejection</a></h2>
|
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<p>After careful considering, much soul-searching, gnashing of teeth and rending
|
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of garments, it has been decided to reject this PEP.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="references">
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||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#references" role="doc-backlink">References</a></h2>
|
||
<div role="list" class="citation-list">
|
||
<div class="citation" id="ex1" role="doc-biblioentry">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="ex1">[<a href="#id1">EX1</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2003-June/210588.html">https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2003-June/210588.html</a></div>
|
||
<div class="citation" id="ex2" role="doc-biblioentry">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="ex2">[<a href="#id2">EX2</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2000-May/034685.html">https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2000-May/034685.html</a></div>
|
||
<div class="citation" id="ex3" role="doc-biblioentry">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="ex3">[<a href="#id3">EX3</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/browse_frm/thread/6ae8c6add913635a/de40d4ffe9bd4304?lnk=gst&q=type+declarations&rnum=6">http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/browse_frm/thread/6ae8c6add913635a/de40d4ffe9bd4304?lnk=gst&q=type+declarations&rnum=6</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<aside class="footnote-list brackets">
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id8" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id8">[<a href="#id4">1</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd>Though, if you know the language in question, it may not be <em>that</em> unrelated.</aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id9" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id9">[<a href="#id5">2</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd>Well, it would, if there was a Perl 6.</aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id10" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id10">[<a href="#id6">3</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd>Since the name <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code> is already in use, this name has been chosen
|
||
for obvious reasons.</aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id11" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id11">[<a href="#id7">4</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd>The encoding in which the code is written is read from a standard coding
|
||
cookie. There will also be an autodetection mechanism, invoked by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span>
|
||
<span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">encoding_hell</span></code>.</aside>
|
||
</aside>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="acknowledgements">
|
||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#acknowledgements" role="doc-backlink">Acknowledgements</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Many thanks go to Armin Ronacher, Alexander Schremmer and Marek Kubica who helped
|
||
find the most suitable and mnemonic declarator for built-in types.</p>
|
||
<p>Thanks also to the Unicode Consortium for including all those useful characters
|
||
in the Unicode standard.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="copyright">
|
||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#copyright" role="doc-backlink">Copyright</a></h2>
|
||
<p>This document has been placed in the public domain.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<hr class="docutils" />
|
||
<p>Source: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-3117.rst">https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-3117.rst</a></p>
|
||
<p>Last modified: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/peps/commits/main/peps/pep-3117.rst">2023-09-09 17:39:29 GMT</a></p>
|
||
|
||
</article>
|
||
<nav id="pep-sidebar">
|
||
<h2>Contents</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rationale">Rationale</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#specification">Specification</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#unicode-replacement-units">Unicode replacement units</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-typedef-statement">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typedef</span></code> statement</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example">Example</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compatibility-issues">Compatibility issues</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rejection">Rejection</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">References</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<br>
|
||
<a id="source" href="https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-3117.rst">Page Source (GitHub)</a>
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