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<h1 class="page-title">PEP 528 – Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8</h1>
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<dl class="rfc2822 field-list simple">
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<dt class="field-odd">Author<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd">Steve Dower <steve.dower at python.org></dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Status<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even"><abbr title="Accepted and implementation complete, or no longer active">Final</abbr></dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd"><abbr title="Normative PEP with a new feature for Python, implementation change for CPython or interoperability standard for the ecosystem">Standards Track</abbr></dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Created<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even">27-Aug-2016</dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Python-Version<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd">3.6</dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Post-History<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even">01-Sep-2016, 04-Sep-2016</dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Resolution<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd"><a class="reference external" href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2016-September/146278.html">Python-Dev message</a></dd>
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</dl>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<section id="contents">
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<details><summary>Table of Contents</summary><ul class="simple">
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#specific-changes">Specific Changes</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#add-io-windowsconsoleio">Add _io.WindowsConsoleIO</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#add-pyos-windowsconsolereadline">Add _PyOS_WindowsConsoleReadline</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#add-legacy-mode">Add legacy mode</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#alternative-approaches">Alternative Approaches</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#code-that-may-break">Code that may break</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#assuming-stdin-stdout-encoding">Assuming stdin/stdout encoding</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#incorrectly-using-the-raw-object">Incorrectly using the raw object</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-raw-object-with-small-buffers">Using the raw object with small buffers</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
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</ul>
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</details></section>
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<section id="abstract">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#abstract" role="doc-backlink">Abstract</a></h2>
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<p>Historically, Python uses the ANSI APIs for interacting with the Windows
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operating system, often via C Runtime functions. However, these have been long
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discouraged in favor of the UTF-16 APIs. Within the operating system, all text
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is represented as UTF-16, and the ANSI APIs perform encoding and decoding using
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the active code page.</p>
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<p>This PEP proposes changing the default standard stream implementation on Windows
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to use the Unicode APIs. This will allow users to print and input the full range
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of Unicode characters at the default Windows console. This also requires a
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subtle change to how the tokenizer parses text from readline hooks.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="specific-changes">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#specific-changes" role="doc-backlink">Specific Changes</a></h2>
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<section id="add-io-windowsconsoleio">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#add-io-windowsconsoleio" role="doc-backlink">Add _io.WindowsConsoleIO</a></h3>
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<p>Currently an instance of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_io.FileIO</span></code> is used to wrap the file descriptors
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representing standard input, output and error. We add a new class (implemented
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in C) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_io.WindowsConsoleIO</span></code> that acts as a raw IO object using the Windows
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console functions, specifically, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ReadConsoleW</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WriteConsoleW</span></code>.</p>
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<p>This class will be used when the legacy-mode flag is not in effect, when opening
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a standard stream by file descriptor and the stream is a console buffer rather
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than a redirected file. Otherwise, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_io.FileIO</span></code> will be used as it is today.</p>
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<p>This is a raw (bytes) IO class that requires text to be passed encoded with
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utf-8, which will be decoded to utf-16-le and passed to the Windows APIs.
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Similarly, bytes read from the class will be provided by the operating system as
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utf-16-le and converted into utf-8 when returned to Python.</p>
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<p>The use of an ASCII compatible encoding is required to maintain compatibility
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with code that bypasses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextIOWrapper</span></code> and directly writes ASCII bytes to
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the standard streams (for example, <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/twisted/twisted/blob/trunk/src/twisted/test/process_stdinreader.py">Twisted’s process_stdinreader.py</a>). Code that assumes
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a particular encoding for the standard streams other than ASCII will likely
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break.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="add-pyos-windowsconsolereadline">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#add-pyos-windowsconsolereadline" role="doc-backlink">Add _PyOS_WindowsConsoleReadline</a></h3>
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<p>To allow Unicode entry at the interactive prompt, a new readline hook is
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required. The existing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyOS_StdioReadline</span></code> function will delegate to the new
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyOS_WindowsConsoleReadline</span></code> function when reading from a file descriptor
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that is a console buffer and the legacy-mode flag is not in effect (the logic
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should be identical to above).</p>
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<p>Since the readline interface is required to return an 8-bit encoded string with
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no embedded nulls, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyOS_WindowsConsoleReadline</span></code> function transcodes from
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utf-16-le as read from the operating system into utf-8.</p>
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<p>The function <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_InteractiveOneObject</span></code> which currently obtains the encoding
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from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdin</span></code> will select utf-8 unless the legacy-mode flag is in effect.
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This may require readline hooks to change their encodings to utf-8, or to
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require legacy-mode for correct behaviour.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="add-legacy-mode">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#add-legacy-mode" role="doc-backlink">Add legacy mode</a></h3>
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<p>Launching Python with the environment variable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSSTDIO</span></code> set
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will enable the legacy-mode flag, which completely restores the previous
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||
behaviour.</p>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section id="alternative-approaches">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#alternative-approaches" role="doc-backlink">Alternative Approaches</a></h2>
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||
<p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/win_unicode_console/">win_unicode_console package</a> is a pure-Python alternative to changing the
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||
default behaviour of the console. It implements essentially the same
|
||
modifications as described here using pure Python code.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="code-that-may-break">
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||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#code-that-may-break" role="doc-backlink">Code that may break</a></h2>
|
||
<p>The following code patterns may break or see different behaviour as a result of
|
||
this change. All of these code samples require explicitly choosing to use a raw
|
||
file object in place of a more convenient wrapper that would prevent any visible
|
||
change.</p>
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<section id="assuming-stdin-stdout-encoding">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#assuming-stdin-stdout-encoding" role="doc-backlink">Assuming stdin/stdout encoding</a></h3>
|
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<p>Code that assumes that the encoding required by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdin.buffer</span></code> or
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout.buffer</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'mbcs'</span></code> or a more specific encoding may currently be
|
||
working by chance, but could encounter issues under this change. For example:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'mbcs'</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'cp437'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>To correct this code, the encoding specified on the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextIOWrapper</span></code> should be
|
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used, either implicitly or explicitly:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Fix 1: Use wrapper correctly</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Fix 2: Use encoding explicitly</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="incorrectly-using-the-raw-object">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#incorrectly-using-the-raw-object" role="doc-backlink">Incorrectly using the raw object</a></h3>
|
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<p>Code that uses the raw IO object and does not correctly handle partial reads and
|
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writes may be affected. This is particularly important for reads, where the
|
||
number of characters read will never exceed one-fourth of the number of bytes
|
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allowed, as there is no feasible way to prevent input from encoding as much
|
||
longer utf-8 strings:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">raw_stdin</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raw</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">raw_stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">abcdefghijklm</span>
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||
<span class="go">b'abc'</span>
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<span class="go"># data contains at most 3 characters, and never more than 12 bytes</span>
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<span class="go"># error, as "defghijklm\r\n" is passed to the interactive prompt</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>To correct this code, the buffered reader/writer should be used, or the caller
|
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should continue reading until its buffer is full:</p>
|
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Fix 1: Use the buffered reader/writer</span>
|
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">stdin</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">buffer</span>
|
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">abcedfghijklm</span>
|
||
<span class="go">b'abcdefghijklm\r\n'</span>
|
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Fix 2: Loop until enough bytes have been read</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">raw_stdin</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raw</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">''</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">while</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
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<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">raw_stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">abcedfghijklm</span>
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<span class="go">b'abcdefghijklm\r\n'</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="using-the-raw-object-with-small-buffers">
|
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#using-the-raw-object-with-small-buffers" role="doc-backlink">Using the raw object with small buffers</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Code that uses the raw IO object and attempts to read less than four characters
|
||
will now receive an error. Because it’s possible that any single character may
|
||
require up to four bytes when represented in utf-8, requests must fail:</p>
|
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">raw_stdin</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raw</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">raw_stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
|
||
File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n"><module></span>
|
||
<span class="gr">ValueError</span>: <span class="n">must read at least 4 bytes</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The only workaround is to pass a larger buffer:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Fix: Request at least four bytes</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">raw_stdin</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raw</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">raw_stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">a</span>
|
||
<span class="go">b'a'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="o">>>></span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>(The extra <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>>></span></code> is due to the newline remaining in the input buffer and is
|
||
expected in this situation.)</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="copyright">
|
||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#copyright" role="doc-backlink">Copyright</a></h2>
|
||
<p>This document has been placed in the public domain.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<hr class="docutils" />
|
||
<p>Source: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0528.rst">https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0528.rst</a></p>
|
||
<p>Last modified: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/peps/commits/main/peps/pep-0528.rst">2023-09-09 17:39:29 GMT</a></p>
|
||
|
||
</article>
|
||
<nav id="pep-sidebar">
|
||
<h2>Contents</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#specific-changes">Specific Changes</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#add-io-windowsconsoleio">Add _io.WindowsConsoleIO</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#add-pyos-windowsconsolereadline">Add _PyOS_WindowsConsoleReadline</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#add-legacy-mode">Add legacy mode</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#alternative-approaches">Alternative Approaches</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#code-that-may-break">Code that may break</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#assuming-stdin-stdout-encoding">Assuming stdin/stdout encoding</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#incorrectly-using-the-raw-object">Incorrectly using the raw object</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-raw-object-with-small-buffers">Using the raw object with small buffers</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<br>
|
||
<a id="source" href="https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0528.rst">Page Source (GitHub)</a>
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||
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