interactive-coding-challenges/arrays_strings/unique_chars/unique_chars_solution.ipynb

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   "source": [
    "<small><i>This notebook was prepared by [Donne Martin](http://donnemartin.com). Source and license info is on [GitHub](https://bit.ly/code-notes).</i></small>"
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    "## Problem: Implement an algorithm to determine if a string has all unique characters\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Constraints](#Constraints)\n",
    "* [Test Cases](#Test-Cases)\n",
    "* [Algorithm 1: Sets and Length Comparison](#Algorithm-1:-Sets-and-Length-Comparison)\n",
    "* [Code: Sets and Length Comparison](#Code:-Sets-and-Length-Comparison)\n",
    "* [Algorithm 2: Hash Map Lookup](#Algorithm-2:-Hash-Map-Lookup)\n",
    "* [Code: Hash Map Lookup](#Code:-Hash-Map-Lookup)\n",
    "* [Algorithm 3: In-Place](#Algorithm-3:-In-Place)\n",
    "* [Code: In-Place](#Code:-In-Place)\n",
    "* [Unit Test](#Unit-Test)"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
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   "source": [
    "## Constraints\n",
    "\n",
    "*Problem statements are often intentionally ambiguous.  Identifying constraints and stating assumptions can help to ensure you code the intended solution.*\n",
    "\n",
    "* Can I assume the string is ASCII?\n",
    "    * Yes\n",
    "    * Note: Unicode strings could require special handling depending on your language\n",
    "* Can you use additional data structures?  \n",
    "    * Yes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Test Cases\n",
    "\n",
    "* '' -> True\n",
    "* 'foo' -> False\n",
    "* 'bar' -> True"
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
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   "source": [
    "## Algorithm 1: Sets and Length Comparison\n",
    "\n",
    "A set is an unordered collection of unique elements.  \n",
    "\n",
    "* If the length of the set(string) equals the length of the string\n",
    "    * Return True\n",
    "* Else\n",
    "    * Return False\n",
    "    \n",
    "Complexity:\n",
    "* Time: O(n)\n",
    "* Space: Additional O(m), where m is the number of unique characters in the set"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Code: Sets and Length Comparison"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def unique_chars(string):\n",
    "    return len(set(string)) == len(string)"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Algorithm 2: Hash Map Lookup\n",
    "\n",
    "We'll keep a hash map (set) to keep track of unique characters we encounter.  \n",
    "\n",
    "Steps:\n",
    "* Scan each character\n",
    "* For each character:\n",
    "    * If the character does not exist in a hash map, add the character to a hash map\n",
    "    * Else, return False\n",
    "* Return True\n",
    "\n",
    "Notes:\n",
    "* We could also use a dictionary, but it seems more logical to use a set as it does not contain duplicate elements\n",
    "* Since the characters are in ASCII, we could potentially use an array of size 128 (or 256 for extended ASCII)\n",
    "\n",
    "Complexity:\n",
    "* Time: O(n)\n",
    "* Space: Additional O(m), where m is the number of unique characters in the hash map"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Code: Hash Map Lookup"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def unique_chars_hash(string):\n",
    "    chars_set = set()\n",
    "    for char in string:\n",
    "        if char in chars_set:\n",
    "            return False\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            chars_set.add(char)\n",
    "    return True"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Algorithm 3: In-Place\n",
    "\n",
    "Assume we cannot use additional data structures, which will eliminate the fast lookup O(1) time provided by our hash map.  \n",
    "* Scan each character\n",
    "* For each character:\n",
    "    * Scan all [other] characters in the array\n",
    "        * Exluding the current character from the scan is rather tricky in Python and results in a non-Pythonic solution\n",
    "        * If there is a match, return False\n",
    "* Return True\n",
    "\n",
    "Algorithm Complexity:\n",
    "* Time: O(n^2)\n",
    "* Space: In-place"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Code: In-Place"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def unique_chars_inplace(string):\n",
    "    for char in string:\n",
    "        if string.count(char) > 1:\n",
    "            return False\n",
    "    return True"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Unit Test"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "*It is important to identify and run through general and edge cases from the [Test Cases](#Test-Cases) section by hand.  You generally will not be asked to write a unit test like what is shown below.*"
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
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    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Success: test_unique_chars\n",
      "Success: test_unique_chars\n",
      "Success: test_unique_chars\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from nose.tools import assert_equal\n",
    "\n",
    "class Test(object):\n",
    "  def test_unique_chars(self, func):\n",
    "        assert_equal(func(''), True)\n",
    "        assert_equal(func('foo'), False)\n",
    "        assert_equal(func('bar'), True)\n",
    "        print('Success: test_unique_chars')\n",
    "\n",
    "if __name__ == '__main__':\n",
    "    test = Test()\n",
    "    test.test_unique_chars(unique_chars)\n",
    "    test.test_unique_chars(unique_chars_hash)\n",
    "    test.test_unique_chars(unique_chars_inplace)"
   ]
  }
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