2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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<!-- GFM-TOC -->
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* [一、概览](#一概览)
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* [Collection](#collection)
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* [Map](#map)
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* [二、容器中的设计模式](#二容器中的设计模式)
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* [迭代器模式](#迭代器模式)
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* [适配器模式](#适配器模式)
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* [三、源码分析](#三源码分析)
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* [ArrayList](#arraylist)
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* [Vector](#vector)
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* [LinkedList](#linkedlist)
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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* [HashMap](#hashmap)
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* [ConcurrentHashMap](#concurrenthashmap)
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2018-04-15 13:22:54 +08:00
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* [LinkedHashMap](#linkedhashmap)
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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* [TreeMap](#treemap)
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* [参考资料](#参考资料)
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<!-- GFM-TOC -->
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# 一、概览
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容器主要包括 Collection 和 Map 两种,Collection 又包含了 List、Set 以及 Queue。
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## Collection
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<div align="center"> <img src="../pics//java-collections.png"/> </div><br>
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### 1. Set
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2018-05-25 15:47:52 +08:00
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- HashSet:基于哈希实现,支持快速查找,但不支持有序性操作,例如根据一个范围查找元素的操作。并且失去了元素的插入顺序信息,也就是说使用 Iterator 遍历 HashSet 得到的结果是不确定的;
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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- TreeSet:基于红黑树实现,支持有序性操作,但是查找效率不如 HashSet,HashSet 查找时间复杂度为 O(1),TreeSet 则为 O(logN);
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- LinkedHashSet:具有 HashSet 的查找效率,且内部使用链表维护元素的插入顺序。
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### 2. List
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- ArrayList:基于动态数组实现,支持随机访问;
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- Vector:和 ArrayList 类似,但它是线程安全的;
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2018-05-08 22:59:42 +08:00
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- LinkedList:基于双向链表实现,只能顺序访问,但是可以快速地在链表中间插入和删除元素。不仅如此,LinkedList 还可以用作栈、队列和双向队列。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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### 3. Queue
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- LinkedList:可以用它来支持双向队列;
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2018-04-15 13:22:54 +08:00
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- PriorityQueue:基于堆结构实现,可以用它来实现优先队列。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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## Map
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<div align="center"> <img src="../pics//java-collections1.png"/> </div><br>
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- HashMap:基于哈希实现;
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- HashTable:和 HashMap 类似,但它是线程安全的,这意味着同一时刻多个线程可以同时写入 HashTable 并且不会导致数据不一致。它是遗留类,不应该去使用它。现在可以使用 ConcurrentHashMap 来支持线程安全,并且 ConcurrentHashMap 的效率会更高,因为 ConcurrentHashMap 引入了分段锁。
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- LinkedHashMap:使用链表来维护元素的顺序,顺序为插入顺序或者最近最少使用(LRU)顺序。
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- TreeMap:基于红黑树实现。
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# 二、容器中的设计模式
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## 迭代器模式
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<div align="center"> <img src="../pics//Iterator-1.jpg"/> </div><br>
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Collection 实现了 Iterable 接口,其中的 iterator() 方法能够产生一个 Iterator 对象,通过这个对象就可以迭代遍历 Collection 中的元素。
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从 JDK 1.5 之后可以使用 foreach 方法来遍历实现了 Iterable 接口的聚合对象。
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```java
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List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
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list.add("a");
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list.add("b");
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for (String item : list) {
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System.out.println(item);
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}
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```
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## 适配器模式
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java.util.Arrays#asList() 可以把数组类型转换为 List 类型。
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```java
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@SafeVarargs
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public static <T> List<T> asList(T... a)
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```
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如果要将数组类型转换为 List 类型,应该注意的是 asList() 的参数为泛型的变长参数,因此不能使用基本类型数组作为参数,只能使用相应的包装类型数组。
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```java
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Integer[] arr = {1, 2, 3};
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List list = Arrays.asList(arr);
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```
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也可以使用以下方式生成 List。
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```java
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List list = Arrays.asList(1,2,3);
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```
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# 三、源码分析
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建议先阅读 [算法-查找](https://github.com/CyC2018/Interview-Notebook/blob/master/notes/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95.md#%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE) 部分,对容器类源码的理解有很大帮助。
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至于 ConcurrentHashMap 的理解,需要有并发方面的知识,建议先阅读:[Java 并发](https://github.com/CyC2018/Interview-Notebook/blob/master/notes/Java%20%E5%B9%B6%E5%8F%91.md)
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以下源码从 JDK 1.8 提取而来,下载地址:[JDK-Source-Code](https://github.com/CyC2018/JDK-Source-Code)。
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## ArrayList
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2018-04-15 13:22:54 +08:00
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[ArrayList.java](https://github.com/CyC2018/JDK-Source-Code/tree/master/src/ArrayList.java)
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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### 1. 概览
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实现了 RandomAccess 接口,因此支持随机访问,这是理所当然的,因为 ArrayList 是基于数组实现的。
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```java
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public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
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implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
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```
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数组的默认大小为 10。
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```java
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private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
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```
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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### 2. 序列化
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基于数组实现,保存元素的数组使用 transient 修饰,该关键字声明数组默认不会被序列化。ArrayList 具有动态扩容特性,因此保存元素的数组不一定都会被使用,那么就没必要全部进行序列化。ArrayList 重写了 writeObject() 和 readObject() 来控制只序列化数组中有元素填充那部分内容。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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```java
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access
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```
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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### 3. 扩容
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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添加元素时使用 ensureCapacityInternal() 方法来保证容量足够,如果不够时,需要使用 grow() 方法进行扩容,新容量的大小为 `oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1)`,也就是旧容量的 1.5 倍。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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扩容操作需要调用 `Arrays.copyOf()` 把原数组整个复制到新数组中,因此最好在创建 ArrayList 对象时就指定大概的容量大小,减少扩容操作的次数。
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```java
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public boolean add(E e) {
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ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
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elementData[size++] = e;
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return true;
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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}
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
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if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
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minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
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}
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ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
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}
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
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modCount++;
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// overflow-conscious code
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if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
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grow(minCapacity);
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}
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private void grow(int minCapacity) {
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// overflow-conscious code
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int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
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int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
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if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
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newCapacity = minCapacity;
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if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
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newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
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// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
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elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
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}
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```
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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### 4. 删除元素
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需要调用 System.arraycopy() 将 index+1 后面的元素都复制到 index 位置上,复制的代价很高。
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```java
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public E remove(int index) {
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rangeCheck(index);
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modCount++;
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E oldValue = elementData(index);
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int numMoved = size - index - 1;
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if (numMoved > 0)
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System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index, numMoved);
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elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
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return oldValue;
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}
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```
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### 5. Fail-Fast
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modCount 用来记录 ArrayList 结构发生变化的次数。结构发生变化是指添加或者删除至少一个元素的所有操作,或者是调整内部数组的大小,仅仅只是设置元素的值不算结构发生变化。
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在进行序列化或者迭代等操作时,需要比较操作前后 modCount 是否改变,如果改变了需要抛出 ConcurrentModificationException。
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```java
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private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
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throws java.io.IOException{
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// Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
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int expectedModCount = modCount;
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s.defaultWriteObject();
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// Write out size as capacity for behavioural compatibility with clone()
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s.writeInt(size);
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// Write out all elements in the proper order.
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for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
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s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
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}
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if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
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throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
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}
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}
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```
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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## Vector
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[Vector.java](https://github.com/CyC2018/JDK-Source-Code/tree/master/src/Vector.java)
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### 1. 同步
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它的实现与 ArrayList 类似,但是使用了 synchronized 进行同步。
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```java
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public synchronized boolean add(E e) {
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modCount++;
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ensureCapacityHelper(elementCount + 1);
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elementData[elementCount++] = e;
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return true;
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}
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public synchronized E get(int index) {
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if (index >= elementCount)
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throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
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return elementData(index);
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}
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```
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### 2. ArrayList 与 Vector
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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- Vector 和 ArrayList 几乎是完全相同的,唯一的区别在于 Vector 是同步的,因此开销就比 ArrayList 要大,访问速度更慢。最好使用 ArrayList 而不是 Vector,因为同步操作完全可以由程序员自己来控制;
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- Vector 每次扩容请求其大小的 2 倍空间,而 ArrayList 是 1.5 倍。
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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### 3. Vector 替代方案
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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为了获得线程安全的 ArrayList,可以使用 Collections.synchronizedList(); 得到一个线程安全的 ArrayList,也可以使用 concurrent 并发包下的 CopyOnWriteArrayList 类;
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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```java
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List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
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List<String> synList = Collections.synchronizedList(list);
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```
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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```java
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List list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList();
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```
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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## LinkedList
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[LinkedList.java](https://github.com/CyC2018/JDK-Source-Code/tree/master/src/LinkedList.java)
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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### 1. 概览
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2018-04-15 13:22:54 +08:00
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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基于双向链表实现,内部使用 Node 来存储链表节点信息。
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2018-04-15 13:22:54 +08:00
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
private static class Node<E> {
|
|
|
|
|
E item;
|
|
|
|
|
Node<E> next;
|
|
|
|
|
Node<E> prev;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
每个链表存储了 Head 和 Tail 指针:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
transient Node<E> first;
|
|
|
|
|
transient Node<E> last;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"> <img src="../pics//HowLinkedListWorks.png"/> </div><br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 2. ArrayList 与 LinkedList
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- ArrayList 基于动态数组实现,LinkedList 基于双向链表实现;
|
|
|
|
|
- ArrayList 支持随机访问,LinkedList 不支持;
|
|
|
|
|
- LinkedList 在任意位置添加删除元素更快。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## HashMap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[HashMap.java](https://github.com/CyC2018/JDK-Source-Code/tree/master/src/HashMap.java)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
为了便于理解,以下内容以 JDK 1.7 为主。
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 1. 存储结构
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
使用拉链法来解决冲突,内部包含了一个 Entry 类型的数组 table,数组中的每个位置被当成一个桶。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
transient Entry[] table;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
其中,Entry 就是存储数据的键值对,它包含了四个字段。从 next 字段我们可以看出 Entry 是一个链表,即每个桶会存放一个链表。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"> <img src="../pics//8fe838e3-ef77-4f63-bf45-417b6bc5c6bb.png" width="600"/> </div><br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
static class Entry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
final K key;
|
|
|
|
|
V value;
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
Entry<K,V> next;
|
|
|
|
|
int hash;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Entry(int h, K k, V v, Entry<K,V> n) {
|
|
|
|
|
value = v;
|
|
|
|
|
next = n;
|
|
|
|
|
key = k;
|
|
|
|
|
hash = h;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
public final K getKey() {
|
|
|
|
|
return key;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
public final V getValue() {
|
|
|
|
|
return value;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
|
|
|
|
|
V oldValue = value;
|
|
|
|
|
value = newValue;
|
|
|
|
|
return oldValue;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
|
|
|
|
|
return false;
|
|
|
|
|
Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry)o;
|
|
|
|
|
Object k1 = getKey();
|
|
|
|
|
Object k2 = e.getKey();
|
|
|
|
|
if (k1 == k2 || (k1 != null && k1.equals(k2))) {
|
|
|
|
|
Object v1 = getValue();
|
|
|
|
|
Object v2 = e.getValue();
|
|
|
|
|
if (v1 == v2 || (v1 != null && v1.equals(v2)))
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
return true;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return false;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public final int hashCode() {
|
|
|
|
|
return Objects.hashCode(getKey()) ^ Objects.hashCode(getValue());
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public final String toString() {
|
|
|
|
|
return getKey() + "=" + getValue();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/**
|
|
|
|
|
* This method is invoked whenever the value in an entry is
|
|
|
|
|
* overwritten by an invocation of put(k,v) for a key k that's already
|
|
|
|
|
* in the HashMap.
|
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
|
void recordAccess(HashMap<K,V> m) {
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/**
|
|
|
|
|
* This method is invoked whenever the entry is
|
|
|
|
|
* removed from the table.
|
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
|
void recordRemoval(HashMap<K,V> m) {
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 2. 拉链法的工作原理
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
HashMap<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
|
|
|
|
|
map.put("K1", "V1");
|
|
|
|
|
map.put("K2", "V2");
|
|
|
|
|
map.put("K3", "V3");
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 新建一个 HashMap,默认大小为 16;
|
|
|
|
|
- 插入 <K1,V1> 键值对,先计算 K1 的 hashCode 为 115,使用除留余数法得到所在的桶下标 115%16=3。
|
|
|
|
|
- 插入 <K2,V2> 键值对,先计算 K2 的 hashCode 为 118,使用除留余数法得到所在的桶下标 118%16=6。
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
- 插入 <K3,V3> 键值对,先计算 K3 的 hashCode 为 118,使用除留余数法得到所在的桶下标 118%16=6,插在 <K2,V2> 前面。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
应该注意到链表的插入是以头插法方式进行的,例如上面的 <K3,V3> 不是插在 <K2,V2> 后面,而是插入在链表头部。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
查找需要分成两步进行:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 计算键值对所在的桶;
|
|
|
|
|
- 在链表上顺序查找,时间复杂度显然和链表的长度成正比。
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"> <img src="../pics//49d6de7b-0d0d-425c-9e49-a1559dc23b10.png" width="600"/> </div><br>
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 3. put 操作
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
public V put(K key, V value) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (table == EMPTY_TABLE) {
|
|
|
|
|
inflateTable(threshold);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 键为 null 单独处理
|
|
|
|
|
if (key == null)
|
|
|
|
|
return putForNullKey(value);
|
|
|
|
|
int hash = hash(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 确定桶下标
|
|
|
|
|
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
|
|
|
|
|
// 先找出是否已经存在键位 key 的键值对,如果存在的话就更新这个键值对的值为 value
|
|
|
|
|
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
|
|
|
|
|
Object k;
|
|
|
|
|
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
|
|
|
|
|
V oldValue = e.value;
|
|
|
|
|
e.value = value;
|
|
|
|
|
e.recordAccess(this);
|
|
|
|
|
return oldValue;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
modCount++;
|
|
|
|
|
// 插入新键值对
|
|
|
|
|
addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HashMap 允许插入键位 null 的键值对,因为无法调用 null 的 hashCode(),也就无法确定该键值对的桶下标,只能通过强制指定一个桶下标来存放。HashMap 使用第 0 个桶存放键为 null 的键值对。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
private V putForNullKey(V value) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (e.key == null) {
|
|
|
|
|
V oldValue = e.value;
|
|
|
|
|
e.value = value;
|
|
|
|
|
e.recordAccess(this);
|
|
|
|
|
return oldValue;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
modCount++;
|
|
|
|
|
addEntry(0, null, value, 0);
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
使用链表的头插法,也就是新的键值对插在链表的头部,而不是链表的尾部。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
|
|
|
|
|
if ((size >= threshold) && (null != table[bucketIndex])) {
|
|
|
|
|
resize(2 * table.length);
|
|
|
|
|
hash = (null != key) ? hash(key) : 0;
|
|
|
|
|
bucketIndex = indexFor(hash, table.length);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
createEntry(hash, key, value, bucketIndex);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
void createEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
|
|
|
|
|
Entry<K,V> e = table[bucketIndex];
|
|
|
|
|
// 头插法,链表头部指向新的键值对
|
|
|
|
|
table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
|
|
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
Entry(int h, K k, V v, Entry<K,V> n) {
|
|
|
|
|
value = v;
|
|
|
|
|
next = n;
|
|
|
|
|
key = k;
|
|
|
|
|
hash = h;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 4. 确定桶下标
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
很多操作都需要先确定一个键值对所在的桶下标。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
int hash = hash(key);
|
|
|
|
|
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(一)计算 hash 值
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
final int hash(Object k) {
|
|
|
|
|
int h = hashSeed;
|
|
|
|
|
if (0 != h && k instanceof String) {
|
|
|
|
|
return sun.misc.Hashing.stringHash32((String) k);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
h ^= k.hashCode();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// This function ensures that hashCodes that differ only by
|
|
|
|
|
// constant multiples at each bit position have a bounded
|
|
|
|
|
// number of collisions (approximately 8 at default load factor).
|
|
|
|
|
h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12);
|
|
|
|
|
return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
public final int hashCode() {
|
|
|
|
|
return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(二)取模
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
令 x = 1<<4,即 x 为 2 的 4 次方,它具有以下性质:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
x : 00010000
|
|
|
|
|
x-1 : 00001111
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
令一个数 y 与 x-1 做与运算,可以去除 y 位级表示的第 4 位以上数:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
y : 10110010
|
|
|
|
|
x-1 : 00001111
|
|
|
|
|
y&(x-1) : 00000010
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
这个性质和 y 对 x 取模效果是一样的:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
x : 00010000
|
|
|
|
|
y : 10110010
|
|
|
|
|
y%x : 00000010
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
我们知道,位运算的代价比求模运算小的多,因此在进行这种计算时能用位运算的话能带来更高的性能。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
确定桶下标的最后一步是将 key 的 hash 值对桶个数取模:hash%capacity,如果能保证 capacity 为 2 的幂次方,那么就可以将这个操作转换位位运算。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
static int indexFor(int h, int length) {
|
|
|
|
|
return h & (length-1);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 5. 扩容-基本原理
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 13:22:54 +08:00
|
|
|
|
设 HashMap 的 table 长度为 M,需要存储的键值对数量为 N,如果哈希函数满足均匀性的要求,那么每条链表的长度大约为 N/M,因此平均查找次数的复杂度为 O(N/M)。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
为了让查找的成本降低,应该尽可能使得 N/M 尽可能小,因此需要保证 M 尽可能大,也就是说 table 要尽可能大。HashMap 采用动态扩容来根据当前的 N 值来调整 M 值,使得空间效率和时间效率都能得到保证。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
和扩容相关的参数主要有:capacity、size、threshold 和 load_factor。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 参数 | 含义 |
|
|
|
|
|
| :--: | :-- |
|
|
|
|
|
| capacity | table 的容量大小,默认为 16,需要注意的是 capacity 必须保证为 2 的次方。|
|
|
|
|
|
| size | table 的实际使用量。 |
|
|
|
|
|
| threshold | size 的临界值,size 必须小于 threshold,如果大于等于,就必须进行扩容操作。 |
|
|
|
|
|
| load_factor | table 能够使用的比例,threshold = capacity * load_factor。|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
transient Entry[] table;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
transient int size;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
int threshold;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
final float loadFactor;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
transient int modCount;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
从下面的添加元素代码中可以看出,当需要扩容时,令 capacity 为原来的两倍。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
|
|
|
|
|
Entry<K,V> e = table[bucketIndex];
|
|
|
|
|
table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
|
|
|
|
|
if (size++ >= threshold)
|
|
|
|
|
resize(2 * table.length);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
扩容使用 resize() 实现,需要注意的是,扩容操作同样需要把旧 table 的所有键值对重新插入新的 table 中,因此这一步是很费时的。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
void resize(int newCapacity) {
|
|
|
|
|
Entry[] oldTable = table;
|
|
|
|
|
int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
|
|
|
|
|
if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
|
|
|
|
|
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Entry[] newTable = new Entry[newCapacity];
|
|
|
|
|
transfer(newTable);
|
|
|
|
|
table = newTable;
|
|
|
|
|
threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
void transfer(Entry[] newTable) {
|
|
|
|
|
Entry[] src = table;
|
|
|
|
|
int newCapacity = newTable.length;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < src.length; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
Entry<K,V> e = src[j];
|
|
|
|
|
if (e != null) {
|
|
|
|
|
src[j] = null;
|
|
|
|
|
do {
|
|
|
|
|
Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
|
|
|
|
|
int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity);
|
|
|
|
|
e.next = newTable[i];
|
|
|
|
|
newTable[i] = e;
|
|
|
|
|
e = next;
|
|
|
|
|
} while (e != null);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 6. 扩容-重新计算桶下标
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
在进行扩容时,需要把键值对重新放到对应的桶上。HashMap 使用了一个特殊的机制,可以降低重新计算桶下标的操作。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
假设原数组长度 capacity 为 8,扩容之后 new capacity 为 16:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```html
|
|
|
|
|
capacity : 00010000
|
|
|
|
|
new capacity : 00100000
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
对于一个 Key,它的 hash 如果在第 6 位上为 0,那么取模得到的结果和之前一样;如果为 1,那么得到的结果为原来的结果 + 8。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 7. 扩容-计算数组容量
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 14:28:57 +08:00
|
|
|
|
HashMap 构造函数允许用户传入的容量不是 2 的幂次方,因为它可以自动地将传入的容量转换为 2 的幂次方。
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 13:22:54 +08:00
|
|
|
|
先考虑如何求一个数的掩码,对于 10010000,它的掩码为 11111111,可以使用以下方法得到:
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
mask |= mask >> 1 11011000
|
|
|
|
|
mask |= mask >> 2 11111100
|
|
|
|
|
mask |= mask >> 4 11111111
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 14:28:57 +08:00
|
|
|
|
mask+1 是大于原始数字的最小的 2 幂次方。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 13:22:54 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
num 10010000
|
|
|
|
|
mask+1 100000000
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
以下是 HashMap 中计算数组容量的代码:
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
|
|
|
|
|
int n = cap - 1;
|
|
|
|
|
n |= n >>> 1;
|
|
|
|
|
n |= n >>> 2;
|
|
|
|
|
n |= n >>> 4;
|
|
|
|
|
n |= n >>> 8;
|
|
|
|
|
n |= n >>> 16;
|
|
|
|
|
return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 8. 链表转红黑树
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
应该注意到,从 JDK 1.8 开始,一个桶存储的链表长度大于 8 时会将链表转换为红黑树。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 9. HashMap 与 HashTable
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- HashTable 是同步的,它使用了 synchronized 来进行同步。它也是线程安全的,多个线程可以共享同一个 HashTable。HashMap 不是同步的,但是可以使用 ConcurrentHashMap,它是 HashTable 的替代,而且比 HashTable 可扩展性更好。
|
|
|
|
|
- HashMap 可以插入键为 null 的 Entry。
|
|
|
|
|
- HashMap 的迭代器是 fail-fast 迭代器,而 Hashtable 的 enumerator 迭代器不是 fail-fast 的。
|
|
|
|
|
- 由于 Hashtable 是线程安全的也是 synchronized,所以在单线程环境下它比 HashMap 要慢。
|
|
|
|
|
- HashMap 不能保证随着时间的推移 Map 中的元素次序是不变的。
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
## ConcurrentHashMap
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[ConcurrentHashMap.java](https://github.com/CyC2018/JDK-Source-Code/blob/master/src/1.7/ConcurrentHashMap.java)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 1. 存储结构
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
static final class HashEntry<K,V> {
|
|
|
|
|
final int hash;
|
|
|
|
|
final K key;
|
|
|
|
|
volatile V value;
|
|
|
|
|
volatile HashEntry<K,V> next;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 14:28:57 +08:00
|
|
|
|
Segment 继承自 ReentrantLock,每个 Segment 维护着多个 HashEntry。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
ConcurrentHashMap 和 HashMap 实现上类似,最主要的差别是 ConcurrentHashMap 采用了分段锁,每个分段锁维护着几个桶,多个线程可以同时访问不同分段锁上的桶,从而使其并发度更高(并发度就是 Segment 的个数)。
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
static final class Segment<K,V> extends ReentrantLock implements Serializable {
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
private static final long serialVersionUID = 2249069246763182397L;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
static final int MAX_SCAN_RETRIES =
|
|
|
|
|
Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() > 1 ? 64 : 1;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
transient volatile HashEntry<K,V>[] table;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
transient int count;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
transient int modCount;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
transient int threshold;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
final float loadFactor;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
final Segment<K,V>[] segments;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
默认的并发级别为 16,也就是说默认创建 16 个 Segment。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
static final int DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL = 16;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"> <img src="../pics//image005.jpg"/> </div><br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 2. size 操作
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
每个 Segment 维护了一个 count 变量来统计该 Segment 中的键值对个数。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
/**
|
|
|
|
|
* The number of elements. Accessed only either within locks
|
|
|
|
|
* or among other volatile reads that maintain visibility.
|
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
|
transient int count;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
在执行 size 操作时,需要遍历所有 Segment 然后把 count 累计起来。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
ConcurrentHashMap 在执行 size 操作时先尝试不加锁,如果连续两次不加锁操作得到的结果一致,那么可以认为这个结果是正确的。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
尝试次数使用 RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK 定义,该值为 2,retries 初始值为 -1,因此尝试次数为 3。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
如果尝试的次数超过 3 次,就需要对每个 Segment 加锁。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/**
|
|
|
|
|
* Number of unsynchronized retries in size and containsValue
|
|
|
|
|
* methods before resorting to locking. This is used to avoid
|
|
|
|
|
* unbounded retries if tables undergo continuous modification
|
|
|
|
|
* which would make it impossible to obtain an accurate result.
|
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
|
static final int RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK = 2;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public int size() {
|
|
|
|
|
// Try a few times to get accurate count. On failure due to
|
|
|
|
|
// continuous async changes in table, resort to locking.
|
|
|
|
|
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
|
|
|
|
|
int size;
|
|
|
|
|
boolean overflow; // true if size overflows 32 bits
|
|
|
|
|
long sum; // sum of modCounts
|
|
|
|
|
long last = 0L; // previous sum
|
|
|
|
|
int retries = -1; // first iteration isn't retry
|
|
|
|
|
try {
|
|
|
|
|
for (;;) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 超过尝试次数,则对每个 Segment 加锁
|
|
|
|
|
if (retries++ == RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
|
|
|
|
|
ensureSegment(j).lock(); // force creation
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
sum = 0L;
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
overflow = false;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
|
|
|
|
|
Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, j);
|
|
|
|
|
if (seg != null) {
|
|
|
|
|
sum += seg.modCount;
|
|
|
|
|
int c = seg.count;
|
|
|
|
|
if (c < 0 || (size += c) < 0)
|
|
|
|
|
overflow = true;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 连续两次得到的结果一致,则认为这个结果是正确的
|
|
|
|
|
if (sum == last)
|
|
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
|
|
last = sum;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
} finally {
|
|
|
|
|
if (retries > RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
|
|
|
|
|
segmentAt(segments, j).unlock();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return overflow ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : size;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 3. JDK 1.8 的改动
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
[ConcurrentHashMap.java](https://github.com/CyC2018/JDK-Source-Code/blob/master/src/ConcurrentHashMap.java)
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
JDK 1.7 使用分段锁机制来实现并发更新操作,核心类为 Segment,它继承自重入锁 ReentrantLock,并发程度与 Segment 数量相等。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
JDK 1.8 使用了 CAS 操作来支持更高的并发度,在 CAS 操作失败时使用内置锁 synchronized。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
并且 JDK 1.8 的实现也在链表过长时会转换为红黑树。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
## LinkedHashMap
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
[LinkedHashMap.java](https://github.com/CyC2018/JDK-Source-Code/tree/master/src/HashMap.java)
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
## TreeMap
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
[TreeMap.java](https://github.com/CyC2018/JDK-Source-Code/tree/master/src/TreeMap.java)
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 参考资料
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Eckel B. Java 编程思想 [M]. 机械工业出版社, 2002.
|
|
|
|
|
- [Java Collection Framework](https://www.w3resource.com/java-tutorial/java-collections.php)
|
|
|
|
|
- [Iterator 模式](https://openhome.cc/Gossip/DesignPattern/IteratorPattern.htm)
|
|
|
|
|
- [Java 8 系列之重新认识 HashMap](https://tech.meituan.com/java-hashmap.html)
|
|
|
|
|
- [What is difference between HashMap and Hashtable in Java?](http://javarevisited.blogspot.hk/2010/10/difference-between-hashmap-and.html)
|
|
|
|
|
- [Java 集合之 HashMap](http://www.zhangchangle.com/2018/02/07/Java%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E4%B9%8BHashMap/)
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- [The principle of ConcurrentHashMap analysis](http://www.programering.com/a/MDO3QDNwATM.html)
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- [探索 ConcurrentHashMap 高并发性的实现机制](https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/java/java-lo-concurrenthashmap/)
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- [HashMap 相关面试题及其解答](https://www.jianshu.com/p/75adf47958a7)
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- [Java 集合细节(二):asList 的缺陷](http://wiki.jikexueyuan.com/project/java-enhancement/java-thirtysix.html)
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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- [Java Collection Framework – The LinkedList Class](http://javaconceptoftheday.com/java-collection-framework-linkedlist-class/)
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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