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CS-Notes/notes/Leetcode-Database 题解.md

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<!-- GFM-TOC -->
* [595. Big Countries](#595-big-countries)
* [627. Swap Salary](#627-swap-salary)
* [620. Not Boring Movies](#620-not-boring-movies)
* [596. Classes More Than 5 Students](#596-classes-more-than-5-students)
* [182. Duplicate Emails](#182-duplicate-emails)
* [196. Delete Duplicate Emails](#196-delete-duplicate-emails)
* [175. Combine Two Tables](#175-combine-two-tables)
* [181. Employees Earning More Than Their Managers](#181-employees-earning-more-than-their-managers)
* [183. Customers Who Never Order](#183-customers-who-never-order)
* [184. Department Highest Salary](#184-department-highest-salary)
* [176. Second Highest Salary](#176-second-highest-salary)
* [177. Nth Highest Salary](#177-nth-highest-salary)
* [178. Rank Scores](#178-rank-scores)
* [180. Consecutive Numbers](#180-consecutive-numbers)
* [626. Exchange Seats](#626-exchange-seats)
<!-- GFM-TOC -->
# 595. Big Countries
https://leetcode.com/problems/big-countries/description/
## Description
```html
+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+---------------+
| name | continent | area | population | gdp |
+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+---------------+
| Afghanistan | Asia | 652230 | 25500100 | 20343000 |
| Albania | Europe | 28748 | 2831741 | 12960000 |
| Algeria | Africa | 2381741 | 37100000 | 188681000 |
| Andorra | Europe | 468 | 78115 | 3712000 |
| Angola | Africa | 1246700 | 20609294 | 100990000 |
+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+---------------+
```
查找面积超过 3,000,000 或者人口数超过 25,000,000 的国家。
```html
+--------------+-------------+--------------+
| name | population | area |
+--------------+-------------+--------------+
| Afghanistan | 25500100 | 652230 |
| Algeria | 37100000 | 2381741 |
+--------------+-------------+--------------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS World;
CREATE TABLE World ( NAME VARCHAR ( 255 ), continent VARCHAR ( 255 ), area INT, population INT, gdp INT );
INSERT INTO World ( NAME, continent, area, population, gdp )
VALUES
( 'Afghanistan', 'Asia', '652230', '25500100', '203430000' ),
( 'Albania', 'Europe', '28748', '2831741', '129600000' ),
( 'Algeria', 'Africa', '2381741', '37100000', '1886810000' ),
( 'Andorra', 'Europe', '468', '78115', '37120000' ),
( 'Angola', 'Africa', '1246700', '20609294', '1009900000' );
```
## Solution
```sql
SELECT name,
population,
area
FROM
World
WHERE
area > 3000000
OR population > 25000000;
```
# 627. Swap Salary
https://leetcode.com/problems/swap-salary/description/
## Description
```html
| id | name | sex | salary |
|----|------|-----|--------|
| 1 | A | m | 2500 |
| 2 | B | f | 1500 |
| 3 | C | m | 5500 |
| 4 | D | f | 500 |
```
只用一个 SQL 查询，将 sex 字段反转。
```html
| id | name | sex | salary |
|----|------|-----|--------|
| 1 | A | f | 2500 |
| 2 | B | m | 1500 |
| 3 | C | f | 5500 |
| 4 | D | m | 500 |
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS salary;
CREATE TABLE salary ( id INT, NAME VARCHAR ( 100 ), sex CHAR ( 1 ), salary INT );
INSERT INTO salary ( id, NAME, sex, salary )
VALUES
( '1', 'A', 'm', '2500' ),
( '2', 'B', 'f', '1500' ),
( '3', 'C', 'm', '5500' ),
( '4', 'D', 'f', '500' );
```
## Solution
```sql
UPDATE salary
SET sex = CHAR ( ASCII(sex) ^ ASCII( 'm' ) ^ ASCII( 'f' ) );
```
# 620. Not Boring Movies
https://leetcode.com/problems/not-boring-movies/description/
## Description
```html
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| id | movie | description | rating |
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| 1 | War | great 3D | 8.9 |
| 2 | Science | fiction | 8.5 |
| 3 | irish | boring | 6.2 |
| 4 | Ice song | Fantacy | 8.6 |
| 5 | House card| Interesting| 9.1 |
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
```
查找 id 为奇数，并且 description 不是 boring 的电影，按 rating 降序。
```html
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| id | movie | description | rating |
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| 5 | House card| Interesting| 9.1 |
| 1 | War | great 3D | 8.9 |
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS cinema;
CREATE TABLE cinema ( id INT, movie VARCHAR ( 255 ), description VARCHAR ( 255 ), rating FLOAT ( 2, 1 ) );
INSERT INTO cinema ( id, movie, description, rating )
VALUES
( 1, 'War', 'great 3D', 8.9 ),
( 2, 'Science', 'fiction', 8.5 ),
( 3, 'irish', 'boring', 6.2 ),
( 4, 'Ice song', 'Fantacy', 8.6 ),
( 5, 'House card', 'Interesting', 9.1 );
```
## Solution
```sql
SELECT
*
FROM
cinema
WHERE
id % 2 = 1
AND description != 'boring'
ORDER BY
rating DESC;
```
# 596. Classes More Than 5 Students
https://leetcode.com/problems/classes-more-than-5-students/description/
## Description
```html
+---------+------------+
| student | class |
+---------+------------+
| A | Math |
| B | English |
| C | Math |
| D | Biology |
| E | Math |
| F | Computer |
| G | Math |
| H | Math |
| I | Math |
+---------+------------+
```
查找有五名及以上 student 的 class。
```html
+---------+
| class |
+---------+
| Math |
+---------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS courses;
CREATE TABLE courses ( student VARCHAR ( 255 ), class VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
INSERT INTO courses ( student, class )
VALUES
( 'A', 'Math' ),
( 'B', 'English' ),
( 'C', 'Math' ),
( 'D', 'Biology' ),
( 'E', 'Math' ),
( 'F', 'Computer' ),
( 'G', 'Math' ),
( 'H', 'Math' ),
( 'I', 'Math' );
```
## Solution
```sql
SELECT
class
FROM
courses
GROUP BY
class
HAVING
count( DISTINCT student ) >= 5;
```
# 182. Duplicate Emails
https://leetcode.com/problems/duplicate-emails/description/
## Description
邮件地址表：
```html
+----+---------+
| Id | Email |
+----+---------+
| 1 | a@b.com |
| 2 | c@d.com |
| 3 | a@b.com |
+----+---------+
```
查找重复的邮件地址：
```html
+---------+
| Email |
+---------+
| a@b.com |
+---------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Person;
CREATE TABLE Person ( Id INT, Email VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
INSERT INTO Person ( Id, Email )
VALUES
( 1, 'a@b.com' ),
( 2, 'c@d.com' ),
( 3, 'a@b.com' );
```
## Solution
```sql
SELECT
Email
FROM
Person
GROUP BY
Email
HAVING
COUNT( * ) >= 2;
```
# 196. Delete Duplicate Emails
https://leetcode.com/problems/delete-duplicate-emails/description/
## Description
邮件地址表：
```html
+----+---------+
| Id | Email |
+----+---------+
| 1 | a@b.com |
| 2 | c@d.com |
| 3 | a@b.com |
+----+---------+
```
删除重复的邮件地址：
```html
+----+------------------+
| Id | Email |
+----+------------------+
| 1 | john@example.com |
| 2 | bob@example.com |
+----+------------------+
```
## SQL Schema
与 182 相同。
## Solution
连接：
```sql
DELETE p1
FROM
Person p1,
Person p2
WHERE
p1.Email = p2.Email
AND p1.Id > p2.Id
```
子查询：
```sql
DELETE
FROM
Person
WHERE
id NOT IN ( SELECT id FROM ( SELECT min( id ) AS id FROM Person GROUP BY email ) AS m );
```
应该注意的是上述解法额外嵌套了一个 SELECT 语句，如果不这么做，会出现错误：You can't specify target table 'Person' for update in FROM clause。以下演示了这种错误解法。
```sql
DELETE
FROM
Person
WHERE
id NOT IN ( SELECT min( id ) AS id FROM Person GROUP BY email );
```
参考：[pMySQL Error 1093 - Can't specify target table for update in FROM clause](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45494/mysql-error-1093-cant-specify-target-table-for-update-in-from-clause)
# 175. Combine Two Tables
https://leetcode.com/problems/combine-two-tables/description/
## Description
Person 表：
```html
+-------------+---------+
| Column Name | Type |
+-------------+---------+
| PersonId | int |
| FirstName | varchar |
| LastName | varchar |
+-------------+---------+
PersonId is the primary key column for this table.
```
Address 表：
```html
+-------------+---------+
| Column Name | Type |
+-------------+---------+
| AddressId | int |
| PersonId | int |
| City | varchar |
| State | varchar |
+-------------+---------+
AddressId is the primary key column for this table.
```
查找 FirstName, LastName, City, State 数据，而不管一个用户有没有填地址信息。
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Person;
CREATE TABLE Person ( PersonId INT, FirstName VARCHAR ( 255 ), LastName VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Address;
CREATE TABLE Address ( AddressId INT, PersonId INT, City VARCHAR ( 255 ), State VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
INSERT INTO Person ( PersonId, LastName, FirstName )
VALUES
( 1, 'Wang', 'Allen' );
INSERT INTO Address ( AddressId, PersonId, City, State )
VALUES
( 1, 2, 'New York City', 'New York' );
```
## Solution
使用左外连接。
```sql
SELECT
FirstName,
LastName,
City,
State
FROM
Person P
LEFT JOIN Address A
ON P.PersonId = A.PersonId;
```
# 181. Employees Earning More Than Their Managers
https://leetcode.com/problems/employees-earning-more-than-their-managers/description/
## Description
Employee 表：
```html
+----+-------+--------+-----------+
| Id | Name | Salary | ManagerId |
+----+-------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | Joe | 70000 | 3 |
| 2 | Henry | 80000 | 4 |
| 3 | Sam | 60000 | NULL |
| 4 | Max | 90000 | NULL |
+----+-------+--------+-----------+
```
查找薪资大于其经理薪资的员工信息。
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Employee;
CREATE TABLE Employee ( Id INT, NAME VARCHAR ( 255 ), Salary INT, ManagerId INT );
INSERT INTO Employee ( Id, NAME, Salary, ManagerId )
VALUES
( 1, 'Joe', 70000, 3 ),
( 2, 'Henry', 80000, 4 ),
( 3, 'Sam', 60000, NULL ),
( 4, 'Max', 90000, NULL );
```
## Solution
```sql
SELECT
E1.NAME AS Employee
FROM
Employee E1
INNER JOIN Employee E2
ON E1.ManagerId = E2.Id
AND E1.Salary > E2.Salary;
```
# 183. Customers Who Never Order
https://leetcode.com/problems/customers-who-never-order/description/
## Description
Customers 表：
```html
+----+-------+
| Id | Name |
+----+-------+
| 1 | Joe |
| 2 | Henry |
| 3 | Sam |
| 4 | Max |
+----+-------+
```
Orders 表：
```html
+----+------------+
| Id | CustomerId |
+----+------------+
| 1 | 3 |
| 2 | 1 |
+----+------------+
```
查找没有订单的顾客信息：
```html
+-----------+
| Customers |
+-----------+
| Henry |
| Max |
+-----------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Customers;
CREATE TABLE Customers ( Id INT, NAME VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Orders;
CREATE TABLE Orders ( Id INT, CustomerId INT );
INSERT INTO Customers ( Id, NAME )
VALUES
( 1, 'Joe' ),
( 2, 'Henry' ),
( 3, 'Sam' ),
( 4, 'Max' );
INSERT INTO Orders ( Id, CustomerId )
VALUES
( 1, 3 ),
( 2, 1 );
```
## Solution
左外链接
```sql
SELECT
C.Name AS Customers
FROM
Customers C
LEFT JOIN Orders O
ON C.Id = O.CustomerId
WHERE
O.CustomerId IS NULL;
```
子查询
```sql
SELECT
Name AS Customers
FROM
Customers
WHERE
Id NOT IN ( SELECT CustomerId FROM Orders );
```
# 184. Department Highest Salary
https://leetcode.com/problems/department-highest-salary/description/
## Description
Employee 表：
```html
+----+-------+--------+--------------+
| Id | Name | Salary | DepartmentId |
+----+-------+--------+--------------+
| 1 | Joe | 70000 | 1 |
| 2 | Henry | 80000 | 2 |
| 3 | Sam | 60000 | 2 |
| 4 | Max | 90000 | 1 |
+----+-------+--------+--------------+
```
Department 表：
```html
+----+----------+
| Id | Name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | IT |
| 2 | Sales |
+----+----------+
```
查找一个 Department 中收入最高者的信息：
```html
+------------+----------+--------+
| Department | Employee | Salary |
+------------+----------+--------+
| IT | Max | 90000 |
| Sales | Henry | 80000 |
+------------+----------+--------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Employee;
CREATE TABLE Employee ( Id INT, NAME VARCHAR ( 255 ), Salary INT, DepartmentId INT );
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Department;
CREATE TABLE Department ( Id INT, NAME VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
INSERT INTO Employee ( Id, NAME, Salary, DepartmentId )
VALUES
( 1, 'Joe', 70000, 1 ),
( 2, 'Henry', 80000, 2 ),
( 3, 'Sam', 60000, 2 ),
( 4, 'Max', 90000, 1 );
INSERT INTO Department ( Id, NAME )
VALUES
( 1, 'IT' ),
( 2, 'Sales' );
```
## Solution
创建一个临时表，包含了部门员工的最大薪资。可以对部门进行分组，然后使用 MAX() 汇总函数取得最大薪资。
之后使用连接找到一个部门中薪资等于临时表中最大薪资的员工。
```sql
SELECT
D.NAME Department,
E.NAME Employee,
E.Salary
FROM
Employee E,
Department D,
( SELECT DepartmentId, MAX( Salary ) Salary FROM Employee GROUP BY DepartmentId ) M
WHERE
E.DepartmentId = D.Id
AND E.DepartmentId = M.DepartmentId
AND E.Salary = M.Salary;
```
# 176. Second Highest Salary
https://leetcode.com/problems/second-highest-salary/description/
## Description
```html
+----+--------+
| Id | Salary |
+----+--------+
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 200 |
| 3 | 300 |
+----+--------+
```
查找工资第二高的员工。
```html
+---------------------+
| SecondHighestSalary |
+---------------------+
| 200 |
+---------------------+
```
没有找到返回 null 而不是不返回数据。
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Employee;
CREATE TABLE Employee ( Id INT, Salary INT );
INSERT INTO Employee ( Id, Salary )
VALUES
( 1, 100 ),
( 2, 200 ),
( 3, 300 );
```
## Solution
为了在没有查找到数据时返回 null，需要在查询结果外面再套一层 SELECT。
```sql
SELECT
( SELECT DISTINCT Salary FROM Employee ORDER BY Salary DESC LIMIT 1, 1 ) SecondHighestSalary;
```
# 177. Nth Highest Salary
## Description
查找工资第 N 高的员工。
## SQL Schema
同 176。
## Solution
```sql
CREATE FUNCTION getNthHighestSalary ( N INT ) RETURNS INT BEGIN
SET N = N - 1;
RETURN ( SELECT ( SELECT DISTINCT Salary FROM Employee ORDER BY Salary DESC LIMIT N, 1 ) );
END
```
# 178. Rank Scores
https://leetcode.com/problems/rank-scores/description/
## Description
得分表：
```html
+----+-------+
| Id | Score |
+----+-------+
| 1 | 3.50 |
| 2 | 3.65 |
| 3 | 4.00 |
| 4 | 3.85 |
| 5 | 4.00 |
| 6 | 3.65 |
+----+-------+
```
将得分排序，并统计排名。
```html
+-------+------+
| Score | Rank |
+-------+------+
| 4.00 | 1 |
| 4.00 | 1 |
| 3.85 | 2 |
| 3.65 | 3 |
| 3.65 | 3 |
| 3.50 | 4 |
+-------+------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Scores;
CREATE TABLE Scores ( Id INT, Score DECIMAL ( 3, 2 ) );
INSERT INTO Scores ( Id, Score )
VALUES
( 1, 3.5 ),
( 2, 3.65 ),
( 3, 4.0 ),
( 4, 3.85 ),
( 5, 4.0 ),
( 6, 3.65 );
```
## Solution
```sql
SELECT
S1.score,
COUNT( DISTINCT S2.score ) Rank
FROM
Scores S1
INNER JOIN Scores S2
ON S1.score <= S2.score
GROUP BY
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S1.id, S1.score
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ORDER BY
S1.score DESC;
```
# 180. Consecutive Numbers
https://leetcode.com/problems/consecutive-numbers/description/
## Description
数字表：
```html
+----+-----+
| Id | Num |
+----+-----+
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 |
| 4 | 2 |
| 5 | 1 |
| 6 | 2 |
| 7 | 2 |
+----+-----+
```
查找连续出现三次的数字。
```html
+-----------------+
| ConsecutiveNums |
+-----------------+
| 1 |
+-----------------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS LOGS;
CREATE TABLE LOGS ( Id INT, Num INT );
INSERT INTO LOGS ( Id, Num )
VALUES
( 1, 1 ),
( 2, 1 ),
( 3, 1 ),
( 4, 2 ),
( 5, 1 ),
( 6, 2 ),
( 7, 2 );
```
## Solution
```sql
SELECT
DISTINCT L1.num ConsecutiveNums
FROM
Logs L1,
Logs L2,
Logs L3
WHERE L1.id = l2.id - 1
AND L2.id = L3.id - 1
AND L1.num = L2.num
AND l2.num = l3.num;
```
# 626. Exchange Seats
https://leetcode.com/problems/exchange-seats/description/
## Description
seat 表存储着座位对应的学生。
```html
+---------+---------+
| id | student |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | Abbot |
| 2 | Doris |
| 3 | Emerson |
| 4 | Green |
| 5 | Jeames |
+---------+---------+
```
要求交换相邻座位的两个学生，如果最后一个座位是奇数，那么不交换这个座位上的学生。
```html
+---------+---------+
| id | student |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | Doris |
| 2 | Abbot |
| 3 | Green |
| 4 | Emerson |
| 5 | Jeames |
+---------+---------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS seat;
CREATE TABLE seat ( id INT, student VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
INSERT INTO seat ( id, student )
VALUES
( '1', 'Abbot' ),
( '2', 'Doris' ),
( '3', 'Emerson' ),
( '4', 'Green' ),
( '5', 'Jeames' );
```
## Solution
使用多个 union。
```sql
SELECT
s1.id - 1 AS id,
s1.student
FROM
seat s1
WHERE
s1.id MOD 2 = 0 UNION
SELECT
s2.id + 1 AS id,
s2.student
FROM
seat s2
WHERE
s2.id MOD 2 = 1
AND s2.id != ( SELECT max( s3.id ) FROM seat s3 ) UNION
SELECT
s4.id AS id,
s4.student
FROM
seat s4
WHERE
s4.id MOD 2 = 1
AND s4.id = ( SELECT max( s5.id ) FROM seat s5 )
ORDER BY
id;
```
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