2019-04-25 18:24:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<!-- GFM-TOC -->
|
|
|
|
|
* [汉诺塔](#汉诺塔)
|
|
|
|
|
* [哈夫曼编码](#哈夫曼编码)
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- GFM-TOC -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 汉诺塔
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-04-25 18:43:33 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/69d6c38d-1dec-4f72-ae60-60dbc10e9d15.png" width="300"/> </div><br>
|
2019-04-25 18:24:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
有三个柱子,分别为 from、buffer、to。需要将 from 上的圆盘全部移动到 to 上,并且要保证小圆盘始终在大圆盘上。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
这是一个经典的递归问题,分为三步求解:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
① 将 n-1 个圆盘从 from -> buffer
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-04-25 18:43:33 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/f9240aa1-8d48-4959-b28a-7ca45c3e4d91.png" width="300"/> </div><br>
|
2019-04-25 18:24:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
② 将 1 个圆盘从 from -> to
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-04-25 18:43:33 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/f579cab0-3d49-4d00-8e14-e9e1669d0f9f.png" width="300"/> </div><br>
|
2019-04-25 18:24:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
③ 将 n-1 个圆盘从 buffer -> to
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-04-25 18:43:33 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/d02f74dd-8e33-4f3c-bf29-53203a06695a.png" width="300"/> </div><br>
|
2019-04-25 18:24:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
如果只有一个圆盘,那么只需要进行一次移动操作。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
从上面的讨论可以知道,a<sub>n</sub> = 2 * a<sub>n-1</sub> + 1,显然 a<sub>n</sub> = 2<sup>n</sup> - 1,n 个圆盘需要移动 2<sup>n</sup> - 1 次。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
public class Hanoi {
|
|
|
|
|
public static void move(int n, String from, String buffer, String to) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (n == 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
System.out.println("from " + from + " to " + to);
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
move(n - 1, from, to, buffer);
|
|
|
|
|
move(1, from, buffer, to);
|
|
|
|
|
move(n - 1, buffer, from, to);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public static void main(String[] args) {
|
|
|
|
|
Hanoi.move(3, "H1", "H2", "H3");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```html
|
|
|
|
|
from H1 to H3
|
|
|
|
|
from H1 to H2
|
|
|
|
|
from H3 to H2
|
|
|
|
|
from H1 to H3
|
|
|
|
|
from H2 to H1
|
|
|
|
|
from H2 to H3
|
|
|
|
|
from H1 to H3
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 哈夫曼编码
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
根据数据出现的频率对数据进行编码,从而压缩原始数据。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
例如对于一个文本文件,其中各种字符出现的次数如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- a : 10
|
|
|
|
|
- b : 20
|
|
|
|
|
- c : 40
|
|
|
|
|
- d : 80
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
可以将每种字符转换成二进制编码,例如将 a 转换为 00,b 转换为 01,c 转换为 10,d 转换为 11。这是最简单的一种编码方式,没有考虑各个字符的权值(出现频率)。而哈夫曼编码采用了贪心策略,使出现频率最高的字符的编码最短,从而保证整体的编码长度最短。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
首先生成一颗哈夫曼树,每次生成过程中选取频率最少的两个节点,生成一个新节点作为它们的父节点,并且新节点的频率为两个节点的和。选取频率最少的原因是,生成过程使得先选取的节点位于树的更低层,那么需要的编码长度更长,频率更少可以使得总编码长度更少。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
生成编码时,从根节点出发,向左遍历则添加二进制位 0,向右则添加二进制位 1,直到遍历到叶子节点,叶子节点代表的字符的编码就是这个路径编码。
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-04-25 18:43:33 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/8edc5164-810b-4cc5-bda8-2a2c98556377.jpg" width="300"/> </div><br>
|
2019-04-25 18:24:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
public class Huffman {
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
private class Node implements Comparable<Node> {
|
|
|
|
|
char ch;
|
|
|
|
|
int freq;
|
|
|
|
|
boolean isLeaf;
|
|
|
|
|
Node left, right;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public Node(char ch, int freq) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.ch = ch;
|
|
|
|
|
this.freq = freq;
|
|
|
|
|
isLeaf = true;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public Node(Node left, Node right, int freq) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.left = left;
|
|
|
|
|
this.right = right;
|
|
|
|
|
this.freq = freq;
|
|
|
|
|
isLeaf = false;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@Override
|
|
|
|
|
public int compareTo(Node o) {
|
|
|
|
|
return this.freq - o.freq;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public Map<Character, String> encode(Map<Character, Integer> frequencyForChar) {
|
|
|
|
|
PriorityQueue<Node> priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue<>();
|
|
|
|
|
for (Character c : frequencyForChar.keySet()) {
|
|
|
|
|
priorityQueue.add(new Node(c, frequencyForChar.get(c)));
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
while (priorityQueue.size() != 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
Node node1 = priorityQueue.poll();
|
|
|
|
|
Node node2 = priorityQueue.poll();
|
|
|
|
|
priorityQueue.add(new Node(node1, node2, node1.freq + node2.freq));
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return encode(priorityQueue.poll());
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
private Map<Character, String> encode(Node root) {
|
|
|
|
|
Map<Character, String> encodingForChar = new HashMap<>();
|
|
|
|
|
encode(root, "", encodingForChar);
|
|
|
|
|
return encodingForChar;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
private void encode(Node node, String encoding, Map<Character, String> encodingForChar) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (node.isLeaf) {
|
|
|
|
|
encodingForChar.put(node.ch, encoding);
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
encode(node.left, encoding + '0', encodingForChar);
|
|
|
|
|
encode(node.right, encoding + '1', encodingForChar);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-05-09 10:30:43 +08:00
|
|
|
|
</br><div align="center">🎨 </br></br> 更多精彩内容将发布在公众号 **CyC2018**,公众号提供了该项目的离线阅读版本,后台回复"下载" 即可领取。也提供了一份技术面试复习思维导图,不仅系统整理了面试知识点,而且标注了各个知识点的重要程度,从而帮你理清多而杂的面试知识点,后台回复"资料" 即可领取。我基本是按照这个思维导图来进行复习的,对我拿到了 BAT 头条等 Offer 起到很大的帮助。你们完全可以和我一样根据思维导图上列的知识点来进行复习,就不用看很多不重要的内容,也可以知道哪些内容很重要从而多安排一些复习时间。</div></br>
|
2019-04-25 18:24:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"><img width="180px" src="https://cyc-1256109796.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%97%E5%8F%B7.jpg"></img></div>
|