2019-03-08 20:43:38 +08:00
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<!-- GFM-TOC -->
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* [一、概览](#一概览)
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* [Collection](#collection)
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* [Map](#map)
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* [二、容器中的设计模式](#二容器中的设计模式)
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* [迭代器模式](#迭代器模式)
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* [适配器模式](#适配器模式)
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* [三、源码分析](#三源码分析)
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* [ArrayList](#arraylist)
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* [Vector](#vector)
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* [CopyOnWriteArrayList](#copyonwritearraylist)
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* [LinkedList](#linkedlist)
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* [HashMap](#hashmap)
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* [ConcurrentHashMap](#concurrenthashmap)
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* [LinkedHashMap](#linkedhashmap)
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* [WeakHashMap](#weakhashmap)
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* [参考资料](#参考资料)
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<!-- GFM-TOC -->
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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# 一、概览
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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容器主要包括 Collection 和 Map 两种,Collection 存储着对象的集合,而 Map 存储着键值对(两个对象)的映射表。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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## Collection
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-02-18 15:49:08 +08:00
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/6_2001550476096035.png"/> </div><br>
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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### 1. Set
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- TreeSet:基于红黑树实现,支持有序性操作,例如根据一个范围查找元素的操作。但是查找效率不如 HashSet,HashSet 查找的时间复杂度为 O(1),TreeSet 则为 O(logN)。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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- HashSet:基于哈希表实现,支持快速查找,但不支持有序性操作。并且失去了元素的插入顺序信息,也就是说使用 Iterator 遍历 HashSet 得到的结果是不确定的。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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- LinkedHashSet:具有 HashSet 的查找效率,且内部使用双向链表维护元素的插入顺序。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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### 2. List
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- ArrayList:基于动态数组实现,支持随机访问。
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- Vector:和 ArrayList 类似,但它是线程安全的。
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- LinkedList:基于双向链表实现,只能顺序访问,但是可以快速地在链表中间插入和删除元素。不仅如此,LinkedList 还可以用作栈、队列和双向队列。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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### 3. Queue
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- LinkedList:可以用它来实现双向队列。
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- PriorityQueue:基于堆结构实现,可以用它来实现优先队列。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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## Map
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-02-18 01:58:20 +08:00
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/2_2001550426232419.png"/> </div><br>
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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- TreeMap:基于红黑树实现。
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2018-08-13 20:44:07 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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- HashMap:基于哈希表实现。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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- HashTable:和 HashMap 类似,但它是线程安全的,这意味着同一时刻多个线程可以同时写入 HashTable 并且不会导致数据不一致。它是遗留类,不应该去使用它。现在可以使用 ConcurrentHashMap 来支持线程安全,并且 ConcurrentHashMap 的效率会更高,因为 ConcurrentHashMap 引入了分段锁。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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- LinkedHashMap:使用双向链表来维护元素的顺序,顺序为插入顺序或者最近最少使用(LRU)顺序。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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# 二、容器中的设计模式
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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## 迭代器模式
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-02-23 13:27:02 +08:00
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/91aa7c29-438f-4fcc-8c63-2a75899139de.png"/> </div><br>
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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Collection 继承了 Iterable 接口,其中的 iterator() 方法能够产生一个 Iterator 对象,通过这个对象就可以迭代遍历 Collection 中的元素。
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从 JDK 1.5 之后可以使用 foreach 方法来遍历实现了 Iterable 接口的聚合对象。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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```java
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List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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list.add("a");
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list.add("b");
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for (String item : list) {
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System.out.println(item);
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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}
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```
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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## 适配器模式
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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java.util.Arrays#asList() 可以把数组类型转换为 List 类型。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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```java
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@SafeVarargs
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public static <T> List<T> asList(T... a)
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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```
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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应该注意的是 asList() 的参数为泛型的变长参数,不能使用基本类型数组作为参数,只能使用相应的包装类型数组。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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```java
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Integer[] arr = {1, 2, 3};
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List list = Arrays.asList(arr);
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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```
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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也可以使用以下方式调用 asList():
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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```java
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List list = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3);
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```
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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# 三、源码分析
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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如果没有特别说明,以下源码分析基于 JDK 1.8。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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在 IDEA 中 double shift 调出 Search EveryWhere,查找源码文件,找到之后就可以阅读源码。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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## ArrayList
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-02-17 00:23:25 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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### 1. 概览
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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实现了 RandomAccess 接口,因此支持随机访问。这是理所当然的,因为 ArrayList 是基于数组实现的。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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```java
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public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
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implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
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```
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数组的默认大小为 10。
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```java
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private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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```
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2019-02-17 00:23:25 +08:00
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/7935be3d-c2b3-4213-90c9-1e68ec4ac4e7.png"/> </div><br>
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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### 2. 扩容
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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添加元素时使用 ensureCapacityInternal() 方法来保证容量足够,如果不够时,需要使用 grow() 方法进行扩容,新容量的大小为 `oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1)`,也就是旧容量的 1.5 倍。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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扩容操作需要调用 `Arrays.copyOf()` 把原数组整个复制到新数组中,这个操作代价很高,因此最好在创建 ArrayList 对象时就指定大概的容量大小,减少扩容操作的次数。
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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```java
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public boolean add(E e) {
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ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
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elementData[size++] = e;
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return true;
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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}
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
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if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
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minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
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}
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ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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}
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
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modCount++;
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// overflow-conscious code
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if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
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grow(minCapacity);
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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}
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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private void grow(int minCapacity) {
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// overflow-conscious code
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int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
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int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
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if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
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newCapacity = minCapacity;
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if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
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newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
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// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
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elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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}
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```
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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### 3. 删除元素
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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需要调用 System.arraycopy() 将 index+1 后面的元素都复制到 index 位置上,该操作的时间复杂度为 O(N),可以看出 ArrayList 删除元素的代价是非常高的。
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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```java
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public E remove(int index) {
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rangeCheck(index);
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modCount++;
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E oldValue = elementData(index);
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int numMoved = size - index - 1;
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if (numMoved > 0)
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System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index, numMoved);
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elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
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return oldValue;
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2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
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}
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```
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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### 4. Fail-Fast
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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modCount 用来记录 ArrayList 结构发生变化的次数。结构发生变化是指添加或者删除至少一个元素的所有操作,或者是调整内部数组的大小,仅仅只是设置元素的值不算结构发生变化。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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在进行序列化或者迭代等操作时,需要比较操作前后 modCount 是否改变,如果改变了需要抛出 ConcurrentModificationException。
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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```java
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private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
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throws java.io.IOException{
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// Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
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int expectedModCount = modCount;
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s.defaultWriteObject();
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// Write out size as capacity for behavioural compatibility with clone()
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s.writeInt(size);
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// Write out all elements in the proper order.
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for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
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s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
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}
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if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
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throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
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}
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2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
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}
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```
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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### 5. 序列化
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2018-08-26 19:57:38 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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ArrayList 基于数组实现,并且具有动态扩容特性,因此保存元素的数组不一定都会被使用,那么就没必要全部进行序列化。
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2018-08-26 19:57:38 +08:00
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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保存元素的数组 elementData 使用 transient 修饰,该关键字声明数组默认不会被序列化。
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2018-08-26 19:57:38 +08:00
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```java
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2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
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transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access
|
2018-08-26 19:57:38 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
ArrayList 实现了 writeObject() 和 readObject() 来控制只序列化数组中有元素填充那部分内容。
|
2018-08-26 19:57:38 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
|
|
|
|
|
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
|
|
|
|
|
elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Read in size, and any hidden stuff
|
|
|
|
|
s.defaultReadObject();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Read in capacity
|
|
|
|
|
s.readInt(); // ignored
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (size > 0) {
|
|
|
|
|
// be like clone(), allocate array based upon size not capacity
|
|
|
|
|
ensureCapacityInternal(size);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Object[] a = elementData;
|
|
|
|
|
// Read in all elements in the proper order.
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
a[i] = s.readObject();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-08-26 19:57:38 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
|
|
|
|
|
throws java.io.IOException{
|
|
|
|
|
// Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
|
|
|
|
|
int expectedModCount = modCount;
|
|
|
|
|
s.defaultWriteObject();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Write out size as capacity for behavioural compatibility with clone()
|
|
|
|
|
s.writeInt(size);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Write out all elements in the proper order.
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
|
|
|
|
|
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-08-26 19:57:38 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
序列化时需要使用 ObjectOutputStream 的 writeObject() 将对象转换为字节流并输出。而 writeObject() 方法在传入的对象存在 writeObject() 的时候会去反射调用该对象的 writeObject() 来实现序列化。反序列化使用的是 ObjectInputStream 的 readObject() 方法,原理类似。
|
2018-08-26 19:57:38 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
|
|
|
|
|
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(file));
|
2018-08-26 19:57:38 +08:00
|
|
|
|
oos.writeObject(list);
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
## Vector
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 1. 同步
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
它的实现与 ArrayList 类似,但是使用了 synchronized 进行同步。
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
public synchronized boolean add(E e) {
|
|
|
|
|
modCount++;
|
|
|
|
|
ensureCapacityHelper(elementCount + 1);
|
|
|
|
|
elementData[elementCount++] = e;
|
|
|
|
|
return true;
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
public synchronized E get(int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= elementCount)
|
|
|
|
|
throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
return elementData(index);
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 2. 与 ArrayList 的比较
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
- Vector 是同步的,因此开销就比 ArrayList 要大,访问速度更慢。最好使用 ArrayList 而不是 Vector,因为同步操作完全可以由程序员自己来控制;
|
|
|
|
|
- Vector 每次扩容请求其大小的 2 倍空间,而 ArrayList 是 1.5 倍。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 3. 替代方案
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
可以使用 `Collections.synchronizedList();` 得到一个线程安全的 ArrayList。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
|
|
|
|
|
List<String> synList = Collections.synchronizedList(list);
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
也可以使用 concurrent 并发包下的 CopyOnWriteArrayList 类。
|
2018-06-15 14:26:33 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
## CopyOnWriteArrayList
|
2018-07-26 23:12:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 读写分离
|
2018-07-26 23:12:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
写操作在一个复制的数组上进行,读操作还是在原始数组中进行,读写分离,互不影响。
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-08-13 20:44:07 +08:00
|
|
|
|
写操作需要加锁,防止并发写入时导致写入数据丢失。
|
2018-07-26 23:12:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
写操作结束之后需要把原始数组指向新的复制数组。
|
2018-07-19 23:39:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
public boolean add(E e) {
|
|
|
|
|
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
|
|
|
|
|
lock.lock();
|
|
|
|
|
try {
|
|
|
|
|
Object[] elements = getArray();
|
|
|
|
|
int len = elements.length;
|
|
|
|
|
Object[] newElements = Arrays.copyOf(elements, len + 1);
|
|
|
|
|
newElements[len] = e;
|
|
|
|
|
setArray(newElements);
|
|
|
|
|
return true;
|
|
|
|
|
} finally {
|
|
|
|
|
lock.unlock();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-07-19 23:39:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
final void setArray(Object[] a) {
|
|
|
|
|
array = a;
|
2018-07-19 23:39:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-07-26 23:12:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
2018-07-19 23:39:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-07-26 23:12:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2018-07-19 23:39:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
private E get(Object[] a, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
return (E) a[index];
|
2018-07-19 23:39:27 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 适用场景
|
2018-07-26 23:12:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
CopyOnWriteArrayList 在写操作的同时允许读操作,大大提高了读操作的性能,因此很适合读多写少的应用场景。
|
2018-07-26 23:12:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
但是 CopyOnWriteArrayList 有其缺陷:
|
2018-07-26 23:12:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
- 内存占用:在写操作时需要复制一个新的数组,使得内存占用为原来的两倍左右;
|
|
|
|
|
- 数据不一致:读操作不能读取实时性的数据,因为部分写操作的数据还未同步到读数组中。
|
2018-07-26 23:12:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
所以 CopyOnWriteArrayList 不适合内存敏感以及对实时性要求很高的场景。
|
2018-07-26 23:12:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
## LinkedList
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 1. 概览
|
2018-04-15 13:22:54 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
基于双向链表实现,使用 Node 存储链表节点信息。
|
2018-04-15 13:22:54 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
private static class Node<E> {
|
|
|
|
|
E item;
|
|
|
|
|
Node<E> next;
|
|
|
|
|
Node<E> prev;
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
每个链表存储了 first 和 last 指针:
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
transient Node<E> first;
|
|
|
|
|
transient Node<E> last;
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-02-17 00:23:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/09184175-9bf2-40ff-8a68-3b467c77216a.png"/> </div><br>
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 2. 与 ArrayList 的比较
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
- ArrayList 基于动态数组实现,LinkedList 基于双向链表实现;
|
|
|
|
|
- ArrayList 支持随机访问,LinkedList 不支持;
|
|
|
|
|
- LinkedList 在任意位置添加删除元素更快。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
## HashMap
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
为了便于理解,以下源码分析以 JDK 1.7 为主。
|
2018-06-04 14:29:04 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 1. 存储结构
|
2018-06-04 14:29:04 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
内部包含了一个 Entry 类型的数组 table。
|
2018-06-04 14:29:04 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
transient Entry[] table;
|
2018-06-04 14:29:04 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
Entry 存储着键值对。它包含了四个字段,从 next 字段我们可以看出 Entry 是一个链表。即数组中的每个位置被当成一个桶,一个桶存放一个链表。HashMap 使用拉链法来解决冲突,同一个链表中存放哈希值相同的 Entry。
|
2018-06-04 14:29:04 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-02-17 00:23:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/1d2719d5-8d60-4c9b-a4ad-b2df7c7615af.jpg"/> </div><br>
|
2018-06-04 14:29:04 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
static class Entry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
|
|
|
|
|
final K key;
|
|
|
|
|
V value;
|
|
|
|
|
Entry<K,V> next;
|
|
|
|
|
int hash;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Entry(int h, K k, V v, Entry<K,V> n) {
|
|
|
|
|
value = v;
|
|
|
|
|
next = n;
|
|
|
|
|
key = k;
|
|
|
|
|
hash = h;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public final K getKey() {
|
|
|
|
|
return key;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public final V getValue() {
|
|
|
|
|
return value;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
|
|
|
|
|
V oldValue = value;
|
|
|
|
|
value = newValue;
|
|
|
|
|
return oldValue;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
|
|
|
|
|
return false;
|
|
|
|
|
Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry)o;
|
|
|
|
|
Object k1 = getKey();
|
|
|
|
|
Object k2 = e.getKey();
|
|
|
|
|
if (k1 == k2 || (k1 != null && k1.equals(k2))) {
|
|
|
|
|
Object v1 = getValue();
|
|
|
|
|
Object v2 = e.getValue();
|
|
|
|
|
if (v1 == v2 || (v1 != null && v1.equals(v2)))
|
|
|
|
|
return true;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return false;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public final int hashCode() {
|
|
|
|
|
return Objects.hashCode(getKey()) ^ Objects.hashCode(getValue());
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public final String toString() {
|
|
|
|
|
return getKey() + "=" + getValue();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 2. 拉链法的工作原理
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
HashMap<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
|
|
|
|
|
map.put("K1", "V1");
|
|
|
|
|
map.put("K2", "V2");
|
|
|
|
|
map.put("K3", "V3");
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
- 新建一个 HashMap,默认大小为 16;
|
|
|
|
|
- 插入 <K1,V1> 键值对,先计算 K1 的 hashCode 为 115,使用除留余数法得到所在的桶下标 115%16=3。
|
|
|
|
|
- 插入 <K2,V2> 键值对,先计算 K2 的 hashCode 为 118,使用除留余数法得到所在的桶下标 118%16=6。
|
|
|
|
|
- 插入 <K3,V3> 键值对,先计算 K3 的 hashCode 为 118,使用除留余数法得到所在的桶下标 118%16=6,插在 <K2,V2> 前面。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
应该注意到链表的插入是以头插法方式进行的,例如上面的 <K3,V3> 不是插在 <K2,V2> 后面,而是插入在链表头部。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
查找需要分成两步进行:
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
- 计算键值对所在的桶;
|
|
|
|
|
- 在链表上顺序查找,时间复杂度显然和链表的长度成正比。
|
2018-06-04 14:29:04 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-02-17 00:23:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/cf779e26-0382-4495-8463-f1e19e2e38a0.jpg"/> </div><br>
|
2018-06-04 14:29:04 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 3. put 操作
|
2018-06-04 14:29:04 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
public V put(K key, V value) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (table == EMPTY_TABLE) {
|
|
|
|
|
inflateTable(threshold);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 键为 null 单独处理
|
|
|
|
|
if (key == null)
|
|
|
|
|
return putForNullKey(value);
|
|
|
|
|
int hash = hash(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 确定桶下标
|
|
|
|
|
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
|
|
|
|
|
// 先找出是否已经存在键为 key 的键值对,如果存在的话就更新这个键值对的值为 value
|
|
|
|
|
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
|
|
|
|
|
Object k;
|
|
|
|
|
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
|
|
|
|
|
V oldValue = e.value;
|
|
|
|
|
e.value = value;
|
|
|
|
|
e.recordAccess(this);
|
|
|
|
|
return oldValue;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
modCount++;
|
|
|
|
|
// 插入新键值对
|
|
|
|
|
addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
HashMap 允许插入键为 null 的键值对。但是因为无法调用 null 的 hashCode() 方法,也就无法确定该键值对的桶下标,只能通过强制指定一个桶下标来存放。HashMap 使用第 0 个桶存放键为 null 的键值对。
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
private V putForNullKey(V value) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (e.key == null) {
|
|
|
|
|
V oldValue = e.value;
|
|
|
|
|
e.value = value;
|
|
|
|
|
e.recordAccess(this);
|
|
|
|
|
return oldValue;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
modCount++;
|
|
|
|
|
addEntry(0, null, value, 0);
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
使用链表的头插法,也就是新的键值对插在链表的头部,而不是链表的尾部。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
|
|
|
|
|
if ((size >= threshold) && (null != table[bucketIndex])) {
|
|
|
|
|
resize(2 * table.length);
|
|
|
|
|
hash = (null != key) ? hash(key) : 0;
|
|
|
|
|
bucketIndex = indexFor(hash, table.length);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
createEntry(hash, key, value, bucketIndex);
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void createEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
|
|
|
|
|
Entry<K,V> e = table[bucketIndex];
|
|
|
|
|
// 头插法,链表头部指向新的键值对
|
|
|
|
|
table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
|
|
|
|
|
size++;
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
Entry(int h, K k, V v, Entry<K,V> n) {
|
|
|
|
|
value = v;
|
|
|
|
|
next = n;
|
|
|
|
|
key = k;
|
|
|
|
|
hash = h;
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 4. 确定桶下标
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
很多操作都需要先确定一个键值对所在的桶下标。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
int hash = hash(key);
|
|
|
|
|
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
**4.1 计算 hash 值**
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
final int hash(Object k) {
|
|
|
|
|
int h = hashSeed;
|
|
|
|
|
if (0 != h && k instanceof String) {
|
|
|
|
|
return sun.misc.Hashing.stringHash32((String) k);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
h ^= k.hashCode();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// This function ensures that hashCodes that differ only by
|
|
|
|
|
// constant multiples at each bit position have a bounded
|
|
|
|
|
// number of collisions (approximately 8 at default load factor).
|
|
|
|
|
h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12);
|
|
|
|
|
return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
public final int hashCode() {
|
|
|
|
|
return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
**4.2 取模**
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
令 x = 1<<4,即 x 为 2 的 4 次方,它具有以下性质:
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
x : 00010000
|
|
|
|
|
x-1 : 00001111
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
令一个数 y 与 x-1 做与运算,可以去除 y 位级表示的第 4 位以上数:
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
y : 10110010
|
|
|
|
|
x-1 : 00001111
|
|
|
|
|
y&(x-1) : 00000010
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
这个性质和 y 对 x 取模效果是一样的:
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
y : 10110010
|
|
|
|
|
x : 00010000
|
|
|
|
|
y%x : 00000010
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-06-15 14:26:33 +08:00
|
|
|
|
我们知道,位运算的代价比求模运算小的多,因此在进行这种计算时用位运算的话能带来更高的性能。
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
确定桶下标的最后一步是将 key 的 hash 值对桶个数取模:hash%capacity,如果能保证 capacity 为 2 的 n 次方,那么就可以将这个操作转换为位运算。
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
static int indexFor(int h, int length) {
|
|
|
|
|
return h & (length-1);
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 5. 扩容-基本原理
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
设 HashMap 的 table 长度为 M,需要存储的键值对数量为 N,如果哈希函数满足均匀性的要求,那么每条链表的长度大约为 N/M,因此平均查找次数的复杂度为 O(N/M)。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
为了让查找的成本降低,应该尽可能使得 N/M 尽可能小,因此需要保证 M 尽可能大,也就是说 table 要尽可能大。HashMap 采用动态扩容来根据当前的 N 值来调整 M 值,使得空间效率和时间效率都能得到保证。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
和扩容相关的参数主要有:capacity、size、threshold 和 load_factor。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
| 参数 | 含义 |
|
|
|
|
|
| :--: | :-- |
|
|
|
|
|
| capacity | table 的容量大小,默认为 16。需要注意的是 capacity 必须保证为 2 的 n 次方。|
|
|
|
|
|
| size | 键值对数量。 |
|
|
|
|
|
| threshold | size 的临界值,当 size 大于等于 threshold 就必须进行扩容操作。 |
|
|
|
|
|
| loadFactor | 装载因子,table 能够使用的比例,threshold = capacity * loadFactor。|
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
transient Entry[] table;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
transient int size;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
int threshold;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
final float loadFactor;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
transient int modCount;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
从下面的添加元素代码中可以看出,当需要扩容时,令 capacity 为原来的两倍。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
|
|
|
|
|
Entry<K,V> e = table[bucketIndex];
|
|
|
|
|
table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
|
|
|
|
|
if (size++ >= threshold)
|
|
|
|
|
resize(2 * table.length);
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
扩容使用 resize() 实现,需要注意的是,扩容操作同样需要把 oldTable 的所有键值对重新插入 newTable 中,因此这一步是很费时的。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void resize(int newCapacity) {
|
|
|
|
|
Entry[] oldTable = table;
|
|
|
|
|
int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
|
|
|
|
|
if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
|
|
|
|
|
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
Entry[] newTable = new Entry[newCapacity];
|
|
|
|
|
transfer(newTable);
|
|
|
|
|
table = newTable;
|
|
|
|
|
threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void transfer(Entry[] newTable) {
|
|
|
|
|
Entry[] src = table;
|
|
|
|
|
int newCapacity = newTable.length;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < src.length; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
Entry<K,V> e = src[j];
|
|
|
|
|
if (e != null) {
|
|
|
|
|
src[j] = null;
|
|
|
|
|
do {
|
|
|
|
|
Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
|
|
|
|
|
int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity);
|
|
|
|
|
e.next = newTable[i];
|
|
|
|
|
newTable[i] = e;
|
|
|
|
|
e = next;
|
|
|
|
|
} while (e != null);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 6. 扩容-重新计算桶下标
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
在进行扩容时,需要把键值对重新放到对应的桶上。HashMap 使用了一个特殊的机制,可以降低重新计算桶下标的操作。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
假设原数组长度 capacity 为 16,扩容之后 new capacity 为 32:
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```html
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
capacity : 00010000
|
|
|
|
|
new capacity : 00100000
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
对于一个 Key,
|
2018-08-13 20:44:07 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
- 它的哈希值如果在第 5 位上为 0,那么取模得到的结果和之前一样;
|
|
|
|
|
- 如果为 1,那么得到的结果为原来的结果 +16。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 7. 计算数组容量
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
HashMap 构造函数允许用户传入的容量不是 2 的 n 次方,因为它可以自动地将传入的容量转换为 2 的 n 次方。
|
2018-04-15 14:28:57 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
先考虑如何求一个数的掩码,对于 10010000,它的掩码为 11111111,可以使用以下方法得到:
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
mask |= mask >> 1 11011000
|
|
|
|
|
mask |= mask >> 2 11111110
|
|
|
|
|
mask |= mask >> 4 11111111
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
mask+1 是大于原始数字的最小的 2 的 n 次方。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 13:22:54 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
num 10010000
|
|
|
|
|
mask+1 100000000
|
2018-04-15 13:22:54 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
以下是 HashMap 中计算数组容量的代码:
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
|
|
|
|
|
int n = cap - 1;
|
|
|
|
|
n |= n >>> 1;
|
|
|
|
|
n |= n >>> 2;
|
|
|
|
|
n |= n >>> 4;
|
|
|
|
|
n |= n >>> 8;
|
|
|
|
|
n |= n >>> 16;
|
|
|
|
|
return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 8. 链表转红黑树
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
从 JDK 1.8 开始,一个桶存储的链表长度大于 8 时会将链表转换为红黑树。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 9. 与 HashTable 的比较
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
- HashTable 使用 synchronized 来进行同步。
|
|
|
|
|
- HashMap 可以插入键为 null 的 Entry。
|
|
|
|
|
- HashMap 的迭代器是 fail-fast 迭代器。
|
|
|
|
|
- HashMap 不能保证随着时间的推移 Map 中的元素次序是不变的。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
## ConcurrentHashMap
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 1. 存储结构
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
static final class HashEntry<K,V> {
|
|
|
|
|
final int hash;
|
|
|
|
|
final K key;
|
|
|
|
|
volatile V value;
|
|
|
|
|
volatile HashEntry<K,V> next;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
ConcurrentHashMap 和 HashMap 实现上类似,最主要的差别是 ConcurrentHashMap 采用了分段锁(Segment),每个分段锁维护着几个桶(HashEntry),多个线程可以同时访问不同分段锁上的桶,从而使其并发度更高(并发度就是 Segment 的个数)。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
Segment 继承自 ReentrantLock。
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
static final class Segment<K,V> extends ReentrantLock implements Serializable {
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
private static final long serialVersionUID = 2249069246763182397L;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
static final int MAX_SCAN_RETRIES =
|
|
|
|
|
Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() > 1 ? 64 : 1;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
transient volatile HashEntry<K,V>[] table;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
transient int count;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
transient int modCount;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
transient int threshold;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
final float loadFactor;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
final Segment<K,V>[] segments;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
默认的并发级别为 16,也就是说默认创建 16 个 Segment。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
static final int DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL = 16;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-02-17 00:23:25 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/deb18bdb-b3b3-4660-b778-b0823a48db12.jpg"/> </div><br>
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 2. size 操作
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
每个 Segment 维护了一个 count 变量来统计该 Segment 中的键值对个数。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
/**
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
* The number of elements. Accessed only either within locks
|
|
|
|
|
* or among other volatile reads that maintain visibility.
|
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
|
transient int count;
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
在执行 size 操作时,需要遍历所有 Segment 然后把 count 累计起来。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
ConcurrentHashMap 在执行 size 操作时先尝试不加锁,如果连续两次不加锁操作得到的结果一致,那么可以认为这个结果是正确的。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
尝试次数使用 RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK 定义,该值为 2,retries 初始值为 -1,因此尝试次数为 3。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
如果尝试的次数超过 3 次,就需要对每个 Segment 加锁。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-27 19:19:10 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/**
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
* Number of unsynchronized retries in size and containsValue
|
|
|
|
|
* methods before resorting to locking. This is used to avoid
|
|
|
|
|
* unbounded retries if tables undergo continuous modification
|
|
|
|
|
* which would make it impossible to obtain an accurate result.
|
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
|
static final int RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK = 2;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public int size() {
|
|
|
|
|
// Try a few times to get accurate count. On failure due to
|
|
|
|
|
// continuous async changes in table, resort to locking.
|
|
|
|
|
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
|
|
|
|
|
int size;
|
|
|
|
|
boolean overflow; // true if size overflows 32 bits
|
|
|
|
|
long sum; // sum of modCounts
|
|
|
|
|
long last = 0L; // previous sum
|
|
|
|
|
int retries = -1; // first iteration isn't retry
|
|
|
|
|
try {
|
|
|
|
|
for (;;) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 超过尝试次数,则对每个 Segment 加锁
|
|
|
|
|
if (retries++ == RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
|
|
|
|
|
ensureSegment(j).lock(); // force creation
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
sum = 0L;
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
overflow = false;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
|
|
|
|
|
Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, j);
|
|
|
|
|
if (seg != null) {
|
|
|
|
|
sum += seg.modCount;
|
|
|
|
|
int c = seg.count;
|
|
|
|
|
if (c < 0 || (size += c) < 0)
|
|
|
|
|
overflow = true;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 连续两次得到的结果一致,则认为这个结果是正确的
|
|
|
|
|
if (sum == last)
|
|
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
|
|
last = sum;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
} finally {
|
|
|
|
|
if (retries > RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
|
|
|
|
|
segmentAt(segments, j).unlock();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return overflow ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : size;
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 3. JDK 1.8 的改动
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
JDK 1.7 使用分段锁机制来实现并发更新操作,核心类为 Segment,它继承自重入锁 ReentrantLock,并发度与 Segment 数量相等。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
JDK 1.8 使用了 CAS 操作来支持更高的并发度,在 CAS 操作失败时使用内置锁 synchronized。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
并且 JDK 1.8 的实现也在链表过长时会转换为红黑树。
|
2018-04-06 22:46:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
## LinkedHashMap
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 存储结构
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
继承自 HashMap,因此具有和 HashMap 一样的快速查找特性。
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
public class LinkedHashMap<K,V> extends HashMap<K,V> implements Map<K,V>
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
内部维护了一个双向链表,用来维护插入顺序或者 LRU 顺序。
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
|
|
|
|
/**
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
* The head (eldest) of the doubly linked list.
|
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
|
transient LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> head;
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/**
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
* The tail (youngest) of the doubly linked list.
|
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
|
transient LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> tail;
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
accessOrder 决定了顺序,默认为 false,此时维护的是插入顺序。
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
final boolean accessOrder;
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
LinkedHashMap 最重要的是以下用于维护顺序的函数,它们会在 put、get 等方法中调用。
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void afterNodeAccess(Node<K,V> p) { }
|
|
|
|
|
void afterNodeInsertion(boolean evict) { }
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### afterNodeAccess()
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
当一个节点被访问时,如果 accessOrder 为 true,则会将该节点移到链表尾部。也就是说指定为 LRU 顺序之后,在每次访问一个节点时,会将这个节点移到链表尾部,保证链表尾部是最近访问的节点,那么链表首部就是最近最久未使用的节点。
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void afterNodeAccess(Node<K,V> e) { // move node to last
|
|
|
|
|
LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> last;
|
|
|
|
|
if (accessOrder && (last = tail) != e) {
|
|
|
|
|
LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> p =
|
|
|
|
|
(LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V>)e, b = p.before, a = p.after;
|
|
|
|
|
p.after = null;
|
|
|
|
|
if (b == null)
|
|
|
|
|
head = a;
|
|
|
|
|
else
|
|
|
|
|
b.after = a;
|
|
|
|
|
if (a != null)
|
|
|
|
|
a.before = b;
|
|
|
|
|
else
|
|
|
|
|
last = b;
|
|
|
|
|
if (last == null)
|
|
|
|
|
head = p;
|
|
|
|
|
else {
|
|
|
|
|
p.before = last;
|
|
|
|
|
last.after = p;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
tail = p;
|
|
|
|
|
++modCount;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### afterNodeInsertion()
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
在 put 等操作之后执行,当 removeEldestEntry() 方法返回 true 时会移除最晚的节点,也就是链表首部节点 first。
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
evict 只有在构建 Map 的时候才为 false,在这里为 true。
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void afterNodeInsertion(boolean evict) { // possibly remove eldest
|
|
|
|
|
LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> first;
|
|
|
|
|
if (evict && (first = head) != null && removeEldestEntry(first)) {
|
|
|
|
|
K key = first.key;
|
|
|
|
|
removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, true);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
removeEldestEntry() 默认为 false,如果需要让它为 true,需要继承 LinkedHashMap 并且覆盖这个方法的实现,这在实现 LRU 的缓存中特别有用,通过移除最近最久未使用的节点,从而保证缓存空间足够,并且缓存的数据都是热点数据。
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry<K,V> eldest) {
|
|
|
|
|
return false;
|
2018-08-13 20:44:07 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### LRU 缓存
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
以下是使用 LinkedHashMap 实现的一个 LRU 缓存:
|
2018-08-05 15:29:23 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
- 设定最大缓存空间 MAX_ENTRIES 为 3;
|
|
|
|
|
- 使用 LinkedHashMap 的构造函数将 accessOrder 设置为 true,开启 LRU 顺序;
|
|
|
|
|
- 覆盖 removeEldestEntry() 方法实现,在节点多于 MAX_ENTRIES 就会将最近最久未使用的数据移除。
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
class LRUCache<K, V> extends LinkedHashMap<K, V> {
|
|
|
|
|
private static final int MAX_ENTRIES = 3;
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry eldest) {
|
|
|
|
|
return size() > MAX_ENTRIES;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
LRUCache() {
|
|
|
|
|
super(MAX_ENTRIES, 0.75f, true);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
public static void main(String[] args) {
|
|
|
|
|
LRUCache<Integer, String> cache = new LRUCache<>();
|
|
|
|
|
cache.put(1, "a");
|
|
|
|
|
cache.put(2, "b");
|
|
|
|
|
cache.put(3, "c");
|
|
|
|
|
cache.get(1);
|
|
|
|
|
cache.put(4, "d");
|
|
|
|
|
System.out.println(cache.keySet());
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```html
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
[3, 1, 4]
|
2018-07-27 00:03:49 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
## WeakHashMap
|
2018-07-27 00:49:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 存储结构
|
2018-07-27 00:49:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
WeakHashMap 的 Entry 继承自 WeakReference,被 WeakReference 关联的对象在下一次垃圾回收时会被回收。
|
2018-07-27 00:49:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
WeakHashMap 主要用来实现缓存,通过使用 WeakHashMap 来引用缓存对象,由 JVM 对这部分缓存进行回收。
|
2018-07-27 00:49:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
private static class Entry<K,V> extends WeakReference<Object> implements Map.Entry<K,V>
|
2018-07-27 00:49:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### ConcurrentCache
|
2018-07-27 00:49:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
Tomcat 中的 ConcurrentCache 使用了 WeakHashMap 来实现缓存功能。
|
2018-07-27 00:49:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
ConcurrentCache 采取的是分代缓存:
|
2018-07-27 00:49:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
- 经常使用的对象放入 eden 中,eden 使用 ConcurrentHashMap 实现,不用担心会被回收(伊甸园);
|
|
|
|
|
- 不常用的对象放入 longterm,longterm 使用 WeakHashMap 实现,这些老对象会被垃圾收集器回收。
|
|
|
|
|
- 当调用 get() 方法时,会先从 eden 区获取,如果没有找到的话再到 longterm 获取,当从 longterm 获取到就把对象放入 eden 中,从而保证经常被访问的节点不容易被回收。
|
|
|
|
|
- 当调用 put() 方法时,如果 eden 的大小超过了 size,那么就将 eden 中的所有对象都放入 longterm 中,利用虚拟机回收掉一部分不经常使用的对象。
|
2018-07-27 00:49:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
public final class ConcurrentCache<K, V> {
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
private final int size;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
private final Map<K, V> eden;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
private final Map<K, V> longterm;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public ConcurrentCache(int size) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.size = size;
|
|
|
|
|
this.eden = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(size);
|
|
|
|
|
this.longterm = new WeakHashMap<>(size);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public V get(K k) {
|
|
|
|
|
V v = this.eden.get(k);
|
|
|
|
|
if (v == null) {
|
|
|
|
|
v = this.longterm.get(k);
|
|
|
|
|
if (v != null)
|
|
|
|
|
this.eden.put(k, v);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return v;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public void put(K k, V v) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.eden.size() >= size) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.longterm.putAll(this.eden);
|
|
|
|
|
this.eden.clear();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
this.eden.put(k, v);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2018-07-27 00:49:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-01-24 09:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
# 参考资料
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Eckel B. Java 编程思想 [M]. 机械工业出版社, 2002.
|
|
|
|
|
- [Java Collection Framework](https://www.w3resource.com/java-tutorial/java-collections.php)
|
|
|
|
|
- [Iterator 模式](https://openhome.cc/Gossip/DesignPattern/IteratorPattern.htm)
|
|
|
|
|
- [Java 8 系列之重新认识 HashMap](https://tech.meituan.com/java_hashmap.html)
|
|
|
|
|
- [What is difference between HashMap and Hashtable in Java?](http://javarevisited.blogspot.hk/2010/10/difference-between-hashmap-and.html)
|
|
|
|
|
- [Java 集合之 HashMap](http://www.zhangchangle.com/2018/02/07/Java%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E4%B9%8BHashMap/)
|
|
|
|
|
- [The principle of ConcurrentHashMap analysis](http://www.programering.com/a/MDO3QDNwATM.html)
|
|
|
|
|
- [探索 ConcurrentHashMap 高并发性的实现机制](https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/java/java-lo-concurrenthashmap/)
|
|
|
|
|
- [HashMap 相关面试题及其解答](https://www.jianshu.com/p/75adf47958a7)
|
|
|
|
|
- [Java 集合细节(二):asList 的缺陷](http://wiki.jikexueyuan.com/project/java-enhancement/java-thirtysix.html)
|
|
|
|
|
- [Java Collection Framework – The LinkedList Class](http://javaconceptoftheday.com/java-collection-framework-linkedlist-class/)
|
|
|
|
|
|